What is Smart Sand Inc's earnings per share (EPS)?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) reported diluted earnings per share of $0.03 for fiscal year 2025. This represents a -62.5% change compared to the previous fiscal year. EPS represents the portion of a company's net income allocated to each outstanding share of common stock and is widely used to evaluate profitability on a per-share basis.

Smart Sand Inc Financials

SND

Source SEC Filings (10-K/10-Q) Updated Dec 31, 2025 Currency USD FYE December

This page shows Smart Sand Inc (SND) financial statements, including the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and key financial ratios. View 12 years of annual fundamentals and quarterly data, with year-over-year growth rates and compound annual growth rates (CAGR). All figures are derived from SEC filings (10-K and 10-Q reports).

Financial Health Signals

Financial Profile 43/100

Based on FY2025 annual data. Scores normalized against common benchmarks. How we calculate these scores

Profitability

Smart Sand Inc has an operating margin of -1.4%, meaning the company retains $-1 of operating profit per $100 of revenue. This below-average margin results in a low score of 19/100, suggesting thin profitability after operating expenses. This is down from 1.0% the prior year.

Growth

Smart Sand Inc's revenue grew 6.0% year-over-year to $330.2M, a solid pace of expansion. This earns a growth score of 43/100.

Leverage

100

Smart Sand Inc carries a low D/E ratio of 0.04, meaning only $0.04 of long-term debt for every $1 of shareholders' equity. This conservative leverage earns a score of 100/100, indicating a strong balance sheet with room for future borrowing.

Liquidity

Smart Sand Inc's current ratio of 1.76 indicates adequate short-term liquidity, earning a score of 31/100. The company can meet its near-term obligations, though with limited headroom.

Cash Flow

Smart Sand Inc has a free cash flow margin of 9.8%, earning a moderate score of 50/100. The company generates positive cash flow after capital investments, but with room for improvement.

Returns

Smart Sand Inc generates a 0.6% ROE, indicating limited profit relative to shareholders' investment. This results in a returns score of 12/100. This is down from 1.2% the prior year.

Piotroski F-Score Strong

7/9

Smart Sand Inc passes 7 of 9 financial strength tests. 3 of 4 profitability signals pass, all 3 leverage/liquidity signals pass, 1 of 2 efficiency signals pass.

Earnings Quality Cash-Backed

32.80x

For every $1 of reported earnings, Smart Sand Inc generates $32.80 in operating cash flow ($44.1M OCF vs $1.3M net income). This indicates profits are well-supported by actual cash generation, not accounting adjustments.

Key Financial Metrics

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Earnings & Revenue

Revenue

$330.2M

YoY+6.0%

5Y CAGR+22.0%

10Y CAGR+21.3%

Smart Sand Inc generated $330.2M in revenue in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 6.0% from the prior year.

EBITDA

-$2.1M

YoY-137.0%

Smart Sand Inc's EBITDA was -$2.1M in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. This represents a decrease of 137.0% from the prior year.

Net Income

$1.3M

YoY-55.0%

5Y CAGR-48.7%

10Y CAGR-12.3%

Smart Sand Inc reported $1.3M in net income in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 55.0% from the prior year.

EPS (Diluted)

$0.03

YoY-62.5%

5Y CAGR-49.8%

10Y CAGR-16.9%

Smart Sand Inc earned $0.03 per diluted share (EPS) in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 62.5% from the prior year.

Cash & Balance Sheet

Free Cash Flow

$32.5M

YoY+199.6%

5Y CAGR+14.0%

10Y CAGR+37.7%

Smart Sand Inc generated $32.5M in free cash flow in fiscal year 2025, representing cash available after capex. This represents an increase of 199.6% from the prior year.

Cash & Debt

$22.6M

YoY+1351.2%

5Y CAGR+14.0%

10Y CAGR+19.2%

Smart Sand Inc held $22.6M in cash against $8.7M in long-term debt as of fiscal year 2025.

Dividends Per Share

$0.15

YoY+50.0%

Smart Sand Inc paid $0.15 per share in dividends in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 50.0% from the prior year.

Shares Outstanding

39M

YoY-0.3%

5Y CAGR-1.3%

10Y CAGR+5.8%

Smart Sand Inc had 39M shares outstanding in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 0.3% from the prior year.

Margins & Returns

Gross Margin

11.5%

YoY-2.9pp

5Y CAGR-3.3pp

10Y CAGR-44.5pp

Smart Sand Inc's gross margin was 11.5% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs. This is down 2.9 percentage points from the prior year.

Operating Margin

-1.4%

YoY-2.3pp

5Y CAGR+9.3pp

10Y CAGR-36.1pp

Smart Sand Inc's operating margin was -1.4% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting core business profitability. This is down 2.3 percentage points from the prior year.

Net Margin

0.4%

YoY-0.5pp

5Y CAGR-30.6pp

10Y CAGR-10.0pp

Smart Sand Inc's net profit margin was 0.4% in fiscal year 2025, showing the share of revenue converted to profit. This is down 0.5 percentage points from the prior year.

Return on Equity

0.6%

YoY-0.7pp

5Y CAGR-12.6pp

10Y CAGR-133.3pp

Smart Sand Inc's ROE was 0.6% in fiscal year 2025, measuring profit generated per dollar of shareholder equity. This is down 0.7 percentage points from the prior year.

Capital Allocation

R&D Spending

N/A

Share Buybacks

$628K

YoY+48.8%

5Y CAGR-11.5%

10Y CAGR+17.9%

Smart Sand Inc spent $628K on share buybacks in fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding. This represents an increase of 48.8% from the prior year.

Capital Expenditures

$11.6M

YoY+65.4%

5Y CAGR+6.1%

10Y CAGR-8.9%

Smart Sand Inc invested $11.6M in capex in fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure. This represents an increase of 65.4% from the prior year.

SND Income Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Revenue	$330.2M+6.0%	$311.4M+5.2%	$296.0M+15.7%	$255.7M+101.9%	$126.6M+3.5%	$122.3M
Cost of Revenue	$292.3M+9.6%	$266.5M+4.8%	$254.4M+12.5%	$226.1M+61.1%	$140.4M+34.7%	$104.2M
Gross Profit	$37.9M-15.5%	$44.8M+7.9%	$41.6M+40.4%	$29.6M+286.0%	-$15.9M-187.8%	$18.1M
R&D Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SG&A Expenses	$40.5M+6.2%	$38.2M-1.4%	$38.7M+25.8%	$30.8M+116.8%	$14.2M-8.6%	$15.5M
Operating Income	-$4.5M-248.5%	$3.0M+299.7%	-$1.5M+51.9%	-$3.1M+95.1%	-$63.5M-387.7%	-$13.0M
Interest Expense	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Income Tax	-$6.9M-153.0%	-$2.7M+60.3%	-$6.9M-115.3%	-$3.2M+64.5%	-$9.0M+30.5%	-$13.0M
Net Income	$1.3M-55.0%	$3.0M-35.6%	$4.6M+761.3%	-$703K+98.6%	-$50.7M-233.5%	$38.0M
EPS (Diluted)	$0.03-62.5%	$0.08-33.3%	$0.12+700.0%	$-0.02+98.3%	$-1.21-228.7%	$0.94

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Revenue	$86.0M-7.3%	$92.8M+8.2%	$85.8M+30.8%	$65.6M-28.2%	$91.4M+44.7%	$63.2M-14.4%	$73.8M-11.1%	$83.1M
Cost of Revenue	$74.8M-3.9%	$77.8M+1.3%	$76.8M+22.3%	$62.8M-19.4%	$77.9M+37.5%	$56.7M-6.7%	$60.7M-14.8%	$71.2M
Gross Profit	$11.2M-24.8%	$14.9M+66.7%	$9.0M+223.1%	$2.8M-79.4%	$13.5M+107.4%	$6.5M-50.4%	$13.1M+10.7%	$11.8M
R&D Expenses	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
SG&A Expenses	$13.1M+44.0%	$9.1M-0.3%	$9.1M-1.4%	$9.2M+0.1%	$9.2M-4.8%	$9.7M+9.4%	$8.9M-14.3%	$10.3M
Operating Income	-$2.7M-150.3%	$5.4M+7074.0%	-$77K+98.9%	-$7.0M-295.6%	$3.6M+173.4%	-$4.9M-239.2%	$3.5M+350.0%	$784K
Interest Expense	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Income Tax	-$4.3M-304.8%	$2.1M+109.6%	-$21.7M-228.0%	$17.0M+3236.4%	-$541K+89.5%	-$5.1M-320.4%	$2.3M+283.9%	$607K
Net Income	$1.2M-60.8%	$3.0M-86.0%	$21.4M+188.3%	-$24.2M-748.6%	$3.7M+3912.2%	-$98K+77.2%	-$430K-99.1%	-$216K
EPS (Diluted)	N/A	$0.08-85.2%	$0.54+187.1%	$-0.62	N/A	$0.00+100.0%	$-0.010.0%	$-0.01

SND Balance Sheet

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Total Assets	$340.0M-0.4%	$341.5M-1.4%	$346.3M-3.8%	$360.0M-3.7%	$374.0M-12.5%	$427.7M
Current Assets	$88.1M+16.7%	$75.5M+22.0%	$61.9M-9.1%	$68.1M-7.8%	$73.9M-34.1%	$112.1M
Cash & Equivalents	$22.6M+1351.2%	$1.6M-74.4%	$6.1M+10.2%	$5.5M-78.5%	$25.6M+118.2%	$11.7M
Inventory	$31.1M+24.1%	$25.0M-6.6%	$26.8M+32.9%	$20.2M+34.4%	$15.0M-21.5%	$19.1M
Accounts Receivable	$30.5M-25.5%	$41.0M+76.4%	$23.2M-35.0%	$35.7M+104.5%	$17.5M-74.9%	$69.7M
Goodwill	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Liabilities	$100.3M+2.6%	$97.7M-6.1%	$104.0M-10.7%	$116.5M-12.3%	$132.9M-4.3%	$138.9M
Current Liabilities	$49.9M+15.6%	$43.2M-20.7%	$54.5M+4.9%	$51.9M+6.9%	$48.5M+30.3%	$37.3M
Long-Term Debt	$8.7M-5.2%	$9.1M+164.7%	$3.4M-64.8%	$9.8M-36.1%	$15.4M-31.6%	$22.4M
Total Equity	$239.7M-1.7%	$243.8M+0.6%	$242.3M-0.5%	$243.5M+1.0%	$241.2M-16.5%	$288.8M
Retained Earnings	$68.1M-7.1%	$73.2M-1.7%	$74.5M+6.7%	$69.9M-1.0%	$70.6M-41.8%	$121.3M

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Total Assets	$340.0M-0.9%	$343.1M-0.8%	$345.8M+5.8%	$326.9M-4.3%	$341.5M+1.7%	$335.8M-1.8%	$341.8M-2.1%	$349.3M
Current Assets	$88.1M+4.9%	$84.0M+1.1%	$83.1M+23.6%	$67.2M-11.0%	$75.5M+16.6%	$64.7M-0.1%	$64.8M-9.0%	$71.2M
Cash & Equivalents	$22.6M+343.8%	$5.1M+18.4%	$4.3M-16.0%	$5.1M+228.7%	$1.6M-78.5%	$7.2M+15.3%	$6.3M+36.1%	$4.6M
Inventory	$31.1M-1.6%	$31.6M+10.3%	$28.7M+1.2%	$28.3M+13.0%	$25.0M-10.0%	$27.8M+11.2%	$25.0M-2.2%	$25.6M
Accounts Receivable	$30.5M-30.9%	$44.2M-6.3%	$47.2M+68.7%	$28.0M-31.8%	$41.0M+69.6%	$24.2M-7.9%	$26.2M-30.4%	$37.7M
Goodwill	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Liabilities	$100.3M-2.8%	$103.2M-2.0%	$105.3M-1.5%	$107.0M+9.5%	$97.7M+5.9%	$92.3M-6.8%	$99.0M-7.3%	$106.7M
Current Liabilities	$49.9M+1.2%	$49.4M+10.2%	$44.8M+16.6%	$38.4M-11.1%	$43.2M+14.3%	$37.8M-3.3%	$39.1M-34.1%	$59.3M
Long-Term Debt	$8.7M+4.2%	$8.3M-52.8%	$17.6M+107.3%	$8.5M-7.0%	$9.1M-7.8%	$9.9M+6.2%	$9.3M+281.6%	$2.4M
Total Equity	$239.7M-0.1%	$239.9M-0.3%	$240.5M+9.4%	$219.9M-9.8%	$243.8M+0.1%	$243.6M+0.3%	$242.9M+0.1%	$242.5M
Retained Earnings	$68.1M-1.4%	$69.1M-1.9%	$70.4M+43.7%	$49.0M-33.1%	$73.2M-0.8%	$73.8M-0.1%	$73.9M-0.6%	$74.3M

SND Cash Flow Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Operating Cash Flow	$44.1M+147.0%	$17.9M-42.4%	$31.0M+471.8%	$5.4M-83.3%	$32.4M+27.0%	$25.5M
Capital Expenditures	$11.6M+65.4%	$7.0M-69.6%	$23.0M+80.9%	$12.7M+13.5%	$11.2M+30.2%	$8.6M
Free Cash Flow	$32.5M+199.6%	$10.9M+36.4%	$8.0M+208.9%	-$7.3M-134.5%	$21.2M+25.4%	$16.9M
Investing Cash Flow	-$10.9M-56.8%	-$6.9M+69.8%	-$22.9M-25.8%	-$18.2M-63.4%	-$11.1M-30.2%	-$8.6M
Financing Cash Flow	-$12.3M+20.7%	-$15.5M-105.4%	-$7.5M-3.3%	-$7.3M+1.9%	-$7.4M+5.9%	-$7.9M
Dividends Paid	$5.9M+52.4%	$3.9M	$0	$0	N/A	N/A
Share Buybacks	$628K+48.8%	$422K	$0-100.0%	$540K+34.7%	$401K-65.3%	$1.2M

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Operating Cash Flow	$22.4M+23.2%	$18.2M+453.5%	-$5.1M-158.9%	$8.7M+742.9%	$1.0M-82.2%	$5.8M-61.0%	$14.9M+485.2%	-$3.9M
Capital Expenditures	$2.0M-41.0%	$3.4M+26.5%	$2.7M-24.3%	$3.5M+88.6%	$1.9M-12.2%	$2.1M+57.7%	$1.4M-17.7%	$1.6M
Free Cash Flow	$20.4M+37.9%	$14.8M+289.1%	-$7.8M-250.6%	$5.2M+717.6%	-$840K-122.9%	$3.7M-72.8%	$13.5M+345.6%	-$5.5M
Investing Cash Flow	-$2.0M+41.0%	-$3.4M-74.8%	-$1.9M+45.2%	-$3.5M-89.3%	-$1.9M+9.2%	-$2.1M-52.0%	-$1.4M+17.8%	-$1.6M
Financing Cash Flow	-$2.9M+79.3%	-$14.0M-323.5%	$6.3M+482.8%	-$1.6M+66.1%	-$4.8M-72.7%	-$2.8M+76.4%	-$11.9M-394.2%	$4.0M
Dividends Paid	$2.0M-49.2%	$3.9M+5304.2%	$72K+928.6%	$7K-99.8%	$3.9M	$0	$0	$0
Share Buybacks	$49K-76.3%	$207K	N/A	N/A	$47K-69.3%	$153K+194.2%	$52K-69.4%	$170K

SND Financial Ratios

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Gross Margin	11.5%-2.9pp	14.4%+0.4pp	14.0%+2.5pp	11.6%+24.1pp	-12.6%-27.4pp	14.8%
Operating Margin	-1.4%-2.3pp	1.0%+1.5pp	-0.5%+0.7pp	-1.2%+48.9pp	-50.1%-39.5pp	-10.6%
Net Margin	0.4%-0.5pp	1.0%-0.6pp	1.6%+1.8pp	-0.3%+39.7pp	-40.0%-71.0pp	31.0%
Return on Equity	0.6%-0.7pp	1.2%-0.7pp	1.9%+2.2pp	-0.3%+20.7pp	-21.0%-34.2pp	13.1%
Return on Assets	0.4%-0.5pp	0.9%-0.5pp	1.3%+1.5pp	-0.2%+13.4pp	-13.6%-22.4pp	8.9%
Current Ratio	1.76+0.0	1.75+0.6	1.14-0.2	1.31-0.2	1.52-1.5	3.01
Debt-to-Equity	0.040.0	0.04+0.0	0.01-0.0	0.04-0.0	0.06-0.0	0.08
FCF Margin	9.8%+6.4pp	3.5%+0.8pp	2.7%+5.5pp	-2.9%-19.6pp	16.8%+2.9pp	13.8%

Metric	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24	Q1'24
Gross Margin	13.0%-3.1pp	16.1%+5.7pp	10.4%+6.2pp	4.2%-10.5pp	14.7%+4.5pp	10.3%-7.4pp	17.7%+3.5pp	14.2%
Operating Margin	-3.1%-8.9pp	5.8%+5.9pp	-0.1%+10.7pp	-10.8%-14.7pp	3.9%+11.7pp	-7.8%-12.6pp	4.8%+3.8pp	0.9%
Net Margin	1.4%-1.9pp	3.2%-21.7pp	24.9%+61.9pp	-37.0%-41.0pp	4.1%+4.3pp	-0.2%+0.4pp	-0.6%-0.3pp	-0.3%
Return on Equity	0.5%-0.8pp	1.3%-7.6pp	8.9%+19.9pp	-11.0%-12.6pp	1.5%+1.6pp	-0.0%+0.1pp	-0.2%-0.1pp	-0.1%
Return on Assets	0.4%-0.5pp	0.9%-5.3pp	6.2%+13.6pp	-7.4%-8.5pp	1.1%+1.1pp	-0.0%+0.1pp	-0.1%-0.1pp	-0.1%
Current Ratio	1.76+0.1	1.70-0.2	1.86+0.1	1.750.0	1.75+0.0	1.71+0.1	1.66+0.5	1.20
Debt-to-Equity	0.040.0	0.03-0.0	0.07+0.0	0.040.0	0.040.0	0.040.0	0.04+0.0	0.01
FCF Margin	23.7%+7.8pp	15.9%+25.0pp	-9.1%-17.0pp	7.9%+8.8pp	-0.9%-6.7pp	5.8%-12.5pp	18.3%+25.0pp	-6.6%

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is Smart Sand Inc's annual revenue?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) reported $330.2M in total revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 6.0% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Revenue measures the total income earned from the company's primary business operations before any expenses are deducted.

How fast is Smart Sand Inc's revenue growing?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) revenue grew by 6% year-over-year, from $311.4M to $330.2M in fiscal year 2025.

Is Smart Sand Inc profitable?

Yes, Smart Sand Inc (SND) reported a net income of $1.3M in fiscal year 2025, with a net profit margin of 0.4%.

What is Smart Sand Inc's EBITDA?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had EBITDA of -$2.1M in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

How much debt does Smart Sand Inc have?

As of fiscal year 2025, Smart Sand Inc (SND) had $22.6M in cash and equivalents against $8.7M in long-term debt.

What is Smart Sand Inc's gross margin?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had a gross margin of 11.5% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs of goods sold.

What is Smart Sand Inc's operating margin?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had an operating margin of -1.4% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting the profitability of core business operations before interest and taxes.

What is Smart Sand Inc's net profit margin?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had a net profit margin of 0.4% in fiscal year 2025, representing the share of revenue converted into profit after all expenses.

Does Smart Sand Inc pay dividends?

Yes, Smart Sand Inc (SND) paid $0.15 per share in dividends during fiscal year 2025.

What is Smart Sand Inc's return on equity (ROE)?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) has a return on equity of 0.6% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company generates profit from shareholder equity.

What is Smart Sand Inc's free cash flow?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) generated $32.5M in free cash flow during fiscal year 2025. This represents a 199.6% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Free cash flow represents the cash a company generates after accounting for capital expenditures, and is widely used to assess financial flexibility and shareholder value.

What is Smart Sand Inc's operating cash flow?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) generated $44.1M in operating cash flow during fiscal year 2025, representing cash generated from core business activities.

What are Smart Sand Inc's total assets?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had $340.0M in total assets as of fiscal year 2025, including both current and long-term assets.

What are Smart Sand Inc's capital expenditures?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) invested $11.6M in capital expenditures during fiscal year 2025, funding long-term assets and infrastructure.

Does Smart Sand Inc buy back shares?

Yes, Smart Sand Inc (SND) spent $628K on share buybacks during fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding.

How many shares does Smart Sand Inc have outstanding?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had 39M shares outstanding as of fiscal year 2025.

What is Smart Sand Inc's current ratio?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had a current ratio of 1.76 as of fiscal year 2025, which is generally considered healthy.

What is Smart Sand Inc's debt-to-equity ratio?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.04 as of fiscal year 2025, measuring the company's financial leverage by comparing total debt to shareholder equity.

What is Smart Sand Inc's return on assets (ROA)?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) had a return on assets of 0.4% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company uses its assets to generate profit.

What is Smart Sand Inc's Piotroski F-Score?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) has a Piotroski F-Score of 7 out of 9, indicating strong financial health. The F-Score evaluates nine binary signals across profitability (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, earnings quality), leverage (decreasing debt, improving liquidity, no share dilution), and operating efficiency (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Scores of 7–9 indicate strong and improving fundamentals. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

Are Smart Sand Inc's earnings high quality?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) has an earnings quality ratio of 32.80x, considered cash-backed (high quality). This ratio compares operating cash flow to net income. A ratio above 1.0x means the company generates more cash than its reported earnings, indicating sustainable, cash-backed profits. Ratios below 1.0x suggest earnings rely on accounting accruals rather than actual cash generation. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

How financially healthy is Smart Sand Inc?

Smart Sand Inc (SND) scores 43 out of 100 on our Financial Profile, indicating moderate overall financial health. This composite score evaluates six dimensions: profitability (operating margin), revenue growth, leverage (debt-to-equity), liquidity (current ratio), cash flow quality (free cash flow margin), and shareholder returns (return on equity). Each dimension is normalized against standard financial benchmarks. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.