SOPHiA GENETICS Reports Financial Results for the First Quarter of Fiscal 2023
Strong growth momentum and efficient expense execution continues
BOSTON and LAUSANNE, Switzerland, May 09, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- SOPHiA GENETICS SA (Nasdaq: SOPH), a cloud-native software company in the healthcare space, today reported financial results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2023.
Recent Highlights
- Revenue for the first quarter of 2023 was
$14.0 million , representing year-over-year growth of29% on a reported basis over the corresponding period of 2022; Constant currency year-over-year revenue growth excluding COVID-19-related revenues was37% . - Gross margins were
69% on a reported basis and73% on an adjusted basis for the first quarter of 2023. - Operating loss in the first quarter of 2023 on a reported basis was
$19.3 million and a$16.2 million loss on an adjusted basis, representing an improvement of23% year-over-year from the first quarter of 2022 on an adjusted basis. - Continued adoption of SOPHiA DDM™ in clinical markets globally has enabled our analysis volume in the first quarter of 2023 to grow to a record 77,819 analyses representing year-over-year growth of
18% , while volume excluding COVID-19-related analysis grew25% year-over-year, and12% sequentially. - Reiterated full-year guidance including reported revenue growth expected to be at or above
30% , constant currency revenue growth excluding COVID-19-related revenue to be between 30 and35% , and 2023 operating losses to be below 2022 levels.
CEO Commentary
“SOPHiA GENETICS delivered constant currency ex COVID-19 revenue growth of
Ecosystem Update
In April, SOPHiA GENETICS announced that Krsnaa Diagnostics, India’s largest diagnostic services provider in radiology and pathology, went live on SOPHiA DDM™ technology. Krsnaa Diagnostics is using SOPHiA DDMTM for Hereditary Cancers to expand their current next-generation sequencing (NGS) offerings. In May, we announced that Unipath Specialty Laboratory Limited, a leading laboratory group in India, is now live using our Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) solution.
Also in April, SOPHiA GENETICS announced that the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) selected SOPHiA GENETICS’ technology to enhance their research capabilities around rare disease detection and treatment. UMMC will use SOPHiA GENETICS’ solutions for whole exome to streamline their end-to-end workflow for Rare Disorders and to accelerate their clinical research turn-around times.
This quarter, SOPHiA GENETICS celebrated with its longstanding customer and partner DASA, the largest integrated healthcare network in Brazil, which serves approximately
During the quarter, two honors were bestowed on the company. In March, SOPHiA GENETICS was named to Fast Company’s prestigious annual list of the World’s Most Innovative Companies for 2023, and in April, SOPHiA GENETICS joined the ranks of Actelion and Lonza in accepting the Swiss Biotech Success Stories Award for outstanding contribution as a leader in data-driven medicine.
First Quarter Financial Results
Total revenue for the first quarter of 2023 was
Platform analysis volume, including volume from integrated access customers, increased to 77,819 analyses for the first quarter of 2023 compared to 65,694 analyses for the first quarter of 2022. The year-over-year growth of
Gross profit for the first quarter of 2023 was
Total operating expenses for the first quarter of 2023 were
R&D expenses for the first quarter of 2023 were
Sales and marketing expenses for the first quarter of 2023 were
General and administrative expenses for the first quarter of 2023 were
Operating loss for the first quarter of 2023 was
Net loss for the first quarter of 2023 was
Cash and cash equivalents were
2023 Outlook
We are reaffirming our previously provided guidance of:
- reported revenue growth expected to be at or above
30% ; - full year constant currency revenue growth excluding COVID-19-related revenue to be between
30% and35% ; and - 2023 operating losses to be below 2022 levels.
Constant currency revenue growth excluding COVID-19-related revenue is a non-IFRS measure. See “Presentation of Constant Currency Revenue and Excluding COVID-19-Related Revenue” below for a description of its calculation. The Company is unable to provide a reconciliation of forward-looking constant currency revenue growth excluding COVID-19-related revenue to revenue, the most comparable IFRS financial measure, due to the inherent difficulty in forecasting and quantifying the impact of foreign currency translation.
Webcast and Conference Call Information
SOPHiA GENETICS will host a conference call and live webcast to discuss the first quarter of 2023 financial results as well as business outlook on Tuesday, May 9, 2023, at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time / 2:00 p.m. Central European Summer Time. The call will be webcast live on the SOPHiA GENETICS Investor Relations website. The conference call can also be accessed live over the phone by dialing 1-833-636-1350 (United States) or 1-412-902-4261 (outside of the United States). Additionally, an audio replay of the conference call will be available on the SOPHiA GENETICS website after its completion.
About SOPHiA GENETICS
SOPHiA GENETICS (Nasdaq: SOPH) is a cloud-native software company in the healthcare space dedicated to establishing the practice of data-driven medicine as the standard of care and for life sciences research. It is the creator of the SOPHiA DDM ™ Platform, a software platform capable of analyzing data and generating insights from complex multimodal data sets and different diagnostic modalities. The SOPHiA DDM ™ Platform and related solutions, products, and services are currently used by a broad network of hospital, laboratory, and biopharma institutions globally. For more information, visit SOPHiAGENETICS.COM, or connect on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Where others see data, we see answers.
Non-IFRS Financial Measures
To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we have disclosed here and elsewhere in this earnings release the following non-IFRS measures:
- Adjusted cost of revenue, which we calculate as cost of revenue adjusted to exclude amortization of capitalized research and development expenses;
- Adjusted gross profit, which we calculate as revenue minus adjusted cost of revenue;
- Adjusted gross profit margin, which we calculate as adjusted gross profit as a percentage of revenue;
- Adjusted research and development costs, which we calculate as research and development costs adjusted to exclude share-based compensation expense and non-cash portion of pensions expense paid in excess of actual contributions to match the actuarial expense;
- Adjusted selling and marketing costs, which we calculate as selling and marketing costs adjusted to exclude share-based compensation expense and non-cash portion of pensions expense paid in excess of actual contributions to match the actuarial expense;
- Adjusted general and administrative costs, which we calculate as general and administrative costs adjusted to exclude amortization of intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, and non-cash portion of pensions expense paid in excess of actual contributions to match the actuarial expense;
- Adjusted operating loss, which we calculate as operating loss adjusted to exclude those adjustments made to calculate adjusted cost of revenue, adjusted research and development costs, adjusted selling and marketing costs, and adjusted general and administrative costs;
- Adjusted net loss for the period, which we calculate as loss for the period adjusted to exclude those adjustments made to calculate adjusted cost of revenue, adjusted research and development costs, adjusted selling and marketing costs, adjusted general and administrative costs, and adjusted operating loss; and
- Adjusted net loss per share, which we calculate as adjusted net loss divided by the weighted-average number of shares.
These non-IFRS measures are key measures used by our management and board of directors to evaluate our operating performance and generate future operating plans. The exclusion of certain expenses facilitates operating performance comparability across reporting periods by removing the effect of non-cash expenses and certain variable charges. Accordingly, we believe that these non-IFRS measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results in the same manner as our management and board of directors.
These non-IFRS measures have limitations as financial measures, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under IFRS. Some of these limitations are:
- These non-IFRS measures exclude the impact of amortization of capitalized research and development expenses and intangible assets. Although amortization is a non-cash charge, the assets being amortized may need to be replaced in the future and these non-IFRS measures do not reflect capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditures;
- These non-IFRS measures exclude the impact of share-based compensation expenses. Share-based compensation has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy;
- These non-IFRS measures exclude the impact of the non-cash portion of pensions paid in excess of actual contributions to match actuarial expenses. Pension expenses have been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a recurring expense in our business; and
- Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate these non-IFRS measures differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.
Because of these limitations, you should consider these non-IFRS measures alongside other financial performance measures, including various cash flow metrics, net income and our other IFRS results.
The tables below provide the reconciliation of the most comparable IFRS measures to the non-IFRS measures for the periods presented.
Presentation of Constant Currency Revenue and Excluding COVID-19-Related Revenue
We operate internationally, and our revenues are generated primarily in the U.S. dollar, the euro and Swiss franc and, to a lesser extent, British pound, Australian dollar, Brazilian real, Turkish lira and Canadian dollar depending on our customers’ geographic locations. Changes in revenue include the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We present the non-IFRS financial measure “constant currency revenue” (or similar terms such as constant currency revenue growth) to show changes in our revenue without giving effect to period-to-period currency fluctuations. Under IFRS, revenues received in local (non-U.S. dollar) currencies are translated into U.S. dollars at the average monthly exchange rate for the month in which the transaction occurred. When we use the term “constant currency”, it means that we have translated local currency revenues for the current reporting period into U.S. dollars using the same average foreign currency exchange rates for the conversion of revenues into U.S. dollars that we used to translate local currency revenues for the comparable reporting period of the prior year. We then calculate the difference between the IFRS revenue and the constant currency revenue to yield the “constant currency impact” for the current period.
Our management and board of directors use constant currency revenue growth to evaluate our growth and generate future operating plans. The exclusion of the impact of exchange rate fluctuations provides comparability across reporting periods and reflects the effects of our customer acquisition efforts and land-and-expand strategy. Accordingly, we believe that this non-IFRS measure provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our revenue growth in the same manner as our management and board of directors. However, this non-IFRS measure has limitations, particularly as the exchange rate effects that are eliminated could constitute a significant element of our revenue and could significantly impact our performance and prospects. Because of these limitations, you should consider this non-IFRS measure alongside other financial performance measures, including revenue and revenue growth presented in accordance with IFRS and our other IFRS results.
In addition to constant currency revenue, we present constant currency revenue excluding COVID-19-related revenue to further remove the effects of revenues that we derived from sales of COVID-19-related offerings, including a NGS assay for COVID-19 that leverages our SOPHiA DDMTM Platform and related products and solutions analytical capabilities and COVID-19 bundled access products. We do not believe that these revenues reflect our core business of commercializing our platform because our COVID-19 solution was offered to address specific market demand by our customers for analytical capabilities to assist with their testing operations. We do not anticipate additional development of our COVID-19-related solution as the pandemic transitions into a more endemic phase and as customer demand continues to decline. Further, COVID-19-related revenues did not constitute, and we do not expect COVID-19-related revenues to constitute in the future, a significant part our revenue. Accordingly, we believe that this non-IFRS measure provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our revenue growth. However, this non-IFRS measure has limitations, including that COVID-19-related revenues contributed to our cash position, and other companies may define COVID-19-related revenues differently. Because of these limitations, you should consider this non-IFRS measure alongside other financial performance measures, including revenue and revenue growth presented in accordance with IFRS and our other IFRS results.
The table below provides the reconciliation of the most comparable IFRS growth measures to the non-IFRS growth measures for the current period.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this press release, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, products and technology, partnerships and collaborations, as well as plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including those described in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. No assurance can be given that such future results will be achieved. Such forward-looking statements contained in this document speak only as of the date of this press release. We expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update these forward-looking statements contained in this press release to reflect any change in our expectations or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which such statements are based unless required to do so by applicable law. No representations or warranties (expressed or implied) are made about the accuracy of any such forward-looking statements.
SOPHiA GENETICS SA
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statement of Loss
(Amounts in USD thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
Three months ended March 31, | ||||||||
2023 | 2022 | |||||||
Revenue | $ | 13,966 | $ | 10,861 | ||||
Cost of revenue | (4,272 | ) | (4,151 | ) | ||||
Gross profit | 9,694 | 6,710 | ||||||
Research and development costs | (9,334 | ) | (9,475 | ) | ||||
Selling and marketing costs | (6,424 | ) | (7,864 | ) | ||||
General and administrative costs | (13,242 | ) | (14,380 | ) | ||||
Other operating income (expense), net | 19 | (12 | ) | |||||
Operating loss | (19,287 | ) | (25,021 | ) | ||||
Finance expense, net | (306 | ) | (233 | ) | ||||
Loss before income taxes | (19,593 | ) | (25,254 | ) | ||||
Income tax expense | (107 | ) | (233 | ) | ||||
Loss for the period | (19,700 | ) | (25,487 | ) | ||||
Attributable to the owners of the parent | (19,700 | ) | (25,487 | ) | ||||
Basic and diluted loss per share | $ | (0.31 | ) | $ | (0.40 | ) |
SOPHiA GENETICS SA
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss
(Amounts in USD thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three months ended March 31, | ||||||||
2023 | 2022 | |||||||
Loss for the period | $ | (19,700 | ) | $ | (25,487 | ) | ||
Other comprehensive income (loss): | ||||||||
Items that may be reclassified to statement of loss (net of tax) | ||||||||
Currency translation differences | 1,971 | (1,961 | ) | |||||
Total items that may be reclassified to statement of loss | 1,971 | (1,961 | ) | |||||
Items that will not be reclassified to statement of loss (net of tax) | ||||||||
Remeasurement of defined benefit plans | (70 | ) | 428 | |||||
Total items that will not be reclassified to statement of loss | (70 | ) | 428 | |||||
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the period | $ | 1,901 | $ | (1,533 | ) | |||
Total comprehensive loss for the period | $ | (17,799 | ) | $ | (27,020 | ) | ||
Attributable to owners of the parent | $ | (17,799 | ) | $ | (27,020 | ) |
SOPHiA GENETICS SA
Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet
(Amounts in USD thousands)
(Unaudited)
March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |||||||
Assets | ||||||||
Current assets | ||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 160,762 | $ | 161,305 | ||||
Term deposits | 1,094 | 17,307 | ||||||
Accounts receivable | 10,285 | 6,649 | ||||||
Inventory | 4,052 | 5,156 | ||||||
Prepaids and other current assets | 6,133 | 5,838 | ||||||
Total current assets | 182,326 | 196,255 | ||||||
Non-current assets | ||||||||
Property and equipment | 7,414 | 7,129 | ||||||
Intangible assets | 20,798 | 19,963 | ||||||
Right-of-use assets | 14,851 | 14,268 | ||||||
Deferred tax assets | 1,950 | 1,940 | ||||||
Other non-current assets | 4,719 | 4,283 | ||||||
Total non-current assets | 49,732 | 47,583 | ||||||
Total assets | $ | 232,058 | $ | 243,838 | ||||
Liabilities and equity | ||||||||
Current liabilities | ||||||||
Accounts payable | $ | 7,678 | $ | 6,181 | ||||
Accrued expenses | 10,452 | 14,505 | ||||||
Deferred contract revenue | 8,242 | 3,434 | ||||||
Lease liabilities, current portion | 2,977 | 2,690 | ||||||
Total current liabilities | 29,349 | 26,810 | ||||||
Non-current liabilities | ||||||||
Lease liabilities, net of current portion | 14,765 | 14,053 | ||||||
Defined benefit pension liabilities | 2,860 | 2,675 | ||||||
Other non-current liabilities | 172 | 170 | ||||||
Total non-current liabilities | 17,797 | 16,898 | ||||||
Total liabilities | 47,146 | 43,708 | ||||||
Equity | ||||||||
Share capital | 3,464 | 3,464 | ||||||
Share premium | 471,771 | 471,623 | ||||||
Treasury shares | (112 | ) | (117 | ) | ||||
Other reserves | 28,292 | 23,963 | ||||||
Accumulated deficit | (318,503 | ) | (298,803 | ) | ||||
Total equity | 184,912 | 200,130 | ||||||
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 232,058 | $ | 243,838 |
SOPHiA GENETICS SA
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
(Amounts in USD thousands)
(Unaudited)
Three months ended March 31, | ||||||||
2023 | 2022 | |||||||
Operating activities | ||||||||
Loss before tax | $ | (19,593 | ) | $ | (25,254 | ) | ||
Adjustments for non-monetary items | ||||||||
Depreciation | 1,284 | 833 | ||||||
Amortization | 606 | 355 | ||||||
Finance expense, net | 169 | 166 | ||||||
Expected credit loss allowance | 638 | (59 | ) | |||||
Share-based compensation | 2,430 | 3,471 | ||||||
Movements in provisions, pensions, and government grants | 349 | 196 | ||||||
Research tax credit | (451 | ) | (405 | ) | ||||
Working capital changes | ||||||||
Increase in accounts receivable | (3,169 | ) | (2 | ) | ||||
(Increase) Decrease in prepaids and other assets | (859 | ) | 596 | |||||
Decrease in inventory | 876 | 617 | ||||||
Increase in accounts payables, accrued expenses, deferred contract revenue, and other liabilities | 2,062 | 2,140 | ||||||
Cash used in operating activities | (15,658 | ) | (17,346 | ) | ||||
Income tax paid | (121 | ) | — | |||||
Interest paid | (5 | ) | (69 | ) | ||||
Interest received | 995 | 16 | ||||||
Net cash flows used in operating activities | (14,789 | ) | (17,399 | ) | ||||
Investing activities | ||||||||
Purchase of property and equipment | (508 | ) | (561 | ) | ||||
Acquisition of intangible assets | (284 | ) | (334 | ) | ||||
Capitalized development costs | (935 | ) | (1,213 | ) | ||||
Proceeds upon maturity of term deposits | 16,213 | 21,646 | ||||||
Purchase of term deposits | — | (10,824 | ) | |||||
Net cash flow provided from investing activities | 14,486 | 8,714 | ||||||
Financing activities | ||||||||
Proceeds from exercise of share options | 151 | 59 | ||||||
Payments of principal portion of lease liabilities | (1,086 | ) | (470 | ) | ||||
Net cash flow used in financing activities | (935 | ) | (411 | ) | ||||
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (1,238 | ) | (9,096 | ) | ||||
Effect of exchange differences on cash balances | 695 | (953 | ) | |||||
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year | 161,305 | 192,962 | ||||||
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period | $ | 160,762 | $ | 182,913 |
SOPHiA GENETICS SA
Reconciliation of IFRS Revenue Growth to Constant Currency Revenue Growth
and Constant Currency Revenue Growth Excluding COVID-19-Related Revenue
(Amounts in USD thousands, except for %)
(Unaudited)
Three months ended March 31, | |||||||||||
2023 | 2022 | Growth | |||||||||
IFRS revenue | $ | 13,966 | $ | 10,861 | 29 | % | |||||
Current period constant currency impact | 618 | — | |||||||||
Constant currency revenue | $ | 14,584 | $ | 10,861 | 34 | % | |||||
COVID-19-related revenue | (125 | ) | (331 | ) | |||||||
Constant currency impact on COVID-19-related revenue | 5 | — | |||||||||
Constant currency revenue excluding COVID-19-related revenue | $ | 14,464 | $ | 10,530 | 37 | % |
SOPHiA GENETICS SA
Reconciliation of IFRS to Adjusted IFRS Statement of Profit and Loss
(Amounts in USD thousands, except for %)
(Unaudited)
Three months ended March 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
In USD thousands except per share data | IFRS basis | Amortization of capitalized research & development expenses(1) | Amortization of intangible assets(2) | Share-based compensation expense(3) | Non-cash pension expenses(4) | Adjusted basis | ||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 13,966 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 13,966 | ||||||||||||
Cost of revenue | (4,272 | ) | 432 | — | — | — | (3,840 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | 9,694 | 432 | — | — | — | 10,126 | ||||||||||||||||||
Gross margin | 69 | % | 4 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 73 | % | ||||||||||||
Research and development costs | (9,334 | ) | — | — | 547 | — | (8,787 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Selling and marketing costs | (6,424 | ) | — | — | (117 | ) | — | (6,541 | ) | |||||||||||||||
General and administrative costs | (13,242 | ) | — | 173 | 2,000 | 78 | (10,991 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Other operating income (expense), net | 19 | — | — | — | — | 19 | ||||||||||||||||||
Operating loss | (19,287 | ) | 432 | 173 | 2,430 | 78 | (16,174 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Finance expense, net | (306 | ) | — | — | — | — | (306 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Loss before income taxes | (19,593 | ) | 432 | 173 | 2,430 | 78 | (16,480 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Income tax expense | (107 | ) | — | — | — | — | (107 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Loss for the period | (19,700 | ) | 432 | 173 | 2,430 | 78 | (16,587 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Attributable to the owners of the parent | (19,700 | ) | 432 | 173 | 2,430 | 78 | (16,587 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Loss per share | $ | (0.31 | ) | $ | 0.01 | $ | — | $ | 0.04 | $ | — | $ | (0.26 | ) | ||||||||||
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 64,242,871 | 64,242,871 |
Three months ended March 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
In USD thousands except per share data | IFRS basis | Amortization of capitalized research & development expenses(1) | Amortization of intangible assets(2) | Share-based compensation expense(3) | Non-cash pension expenses(4) | Adjusted basis | ||||||||||||||||||
Revenue | $ | 10,861 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 10,861 | ||||||||||||
Cost of revenue | (4,151 | ) | 198 | — | — | — | (3,953 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Gross profit | 6,710 | 198 | — | — | — | 6,908 | ||||||||||||||||||
Gross margin | 62 | % | 2 | % | — | % | — | % | — | % | 64 | % | ||||||||||||
Research and development costs | (9,475 | ) | — | — | 385 | — | (9,090 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Selling and marketing costs | (7,864 | ) | — | — | 390 | — | (7,474 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
General and administrative costs | (14,380 | ) | — | 158 | 2,696 | 194 | (11,332 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Other operating income (expense), net | (12 | ) | — | — | — | — | (12 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Operating loss | (25,021 | ) | 198 | 158 | 3,471 | 194 | (21,000 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Finance expense, net | (233 | ) | — | — | — | — | (233 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Loss before income taxes | (25,254 | ) | 198 | 158 | 3,471 | 194 | (21,233 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Income tax expense | (233 | ) | — | — | — | — | (233 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Loss for the period | (25,487 | ) | 198 | 158 | 3,471 | 194 | (21,466 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Attributable to the owners of the parent | (25,487 | ) | 198 | 158 | 3,471 | 194 | (21,466 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Loss per share | $ | (0.40 | ) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 0.06 | $ | — | $ | (0.34 | ) | ||||||||||
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding | 63,891,630 | — | — | — | — | 63,891,630 |
Notes to the Reconciliation of IFRS to Adjusted Financial Measures Tables
(1) Amortization of capitalized research and development expenses consists of software development costs amortized using the straight-line method over an estimated life of five years. These expenses do not have a cash impact but remain a recurring expense generated over the course of our research and development initiatives.
(2) Amortization of intangible assets consists of costs related to intangible assets amortized over the course of their useful lives. These expenses do not have a cash impact, but we could continue to generate such expenses through future capital investments.
(3) Share-based compensation expenses represent the cost of equity awards issued to our directors, officers, and employees. The fair value of awards is computed at the time the award is granted and is recognized over the vesting period of the award by a charge to the income statement and a corresponding increase in other reserves within equity. These expenses do not have a cash impact but remain recurring expenses for our business and represent an important part of our overall compensation strategy.
(4) Non-cash pension expense consists of the amount recognized in excess of actual contributions made to our defined pension plans to match actuarial expenses calculated for IFRS purposes. The difference represents a non-cash expense, but pensions remain a recurring expense for our business as we continue to make contributions to our plans for the foreseeable future.