What is Innospec Inc's earnings per share (EPS)?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) reported diluted earnings per share of $4.67 for fiscal year 2025. This represents a 228.9% change compared to the previous fiscal year. EPS represents the portion of a company's net income allocated to each outstanding share of common stock and is widely used to evaluate profitability on a per-share basis.

Innospec Inc Financials

IOSP

Source SEC Filings (10-K/10-Q) Updated Mar 31, 2026 Currency USD FYE December

This page shows Innospec Inc (IOSP) financial statements, including the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and key financial ratios. View 17 years of annual fundamentals and quarterly data, with year-over-year growth rates and compound annual growth rates (CAGR). All figures are derived from SEC filings (10-K and 10-Q reports).

Rhea AI IOSP FY2025 2026-05-08

Cash-rich balance-sheet discipline is cushioning a margin-led revenue slowdown, keeping operations flexible without obvious balance-sheet strain as the earnings engine softens.

The least obvious pattern is that cash conversion stayed intact even as reported profit swung sharply: in FY2024, operating cash flow was $184.5M against net income of $35.6M. In FY2025, the same relationship held at $138.3M versus $116.6M, so the prior earnings drop looked less like a funding problem than a mismatch between accounting profit and operating cash.

Core operating pressure looks more persistent than the net-income rebound implies, because revenue slipped from $1.95B to $1.78B. Gross margin compression from 30.3% to 27.7% shows the earnings recovery did not come from a stronger underlying cost position.

Balance-sheet posture remained conservative rather than defensive: cash reached $292.5M and total liabilities fell to $499.5M. But working capital absorbed more cash as inventory rose to $329.3M while operating cash flow eased to $138.3M.

Financial Health Signals

Financial Profile 40/100

Based on FY2025 annual data, averaged across the last 3 years for performance metrics (most-recent year weighted highest). How this score is calculated →

Health score ≠ stock price. This rates the quality of Innospec Inc's business: profitability, growth, balance sheet strength. It doesn't tell you whether the stock is a good buy at today's price. Not financial advice. Use it alongside valuation analysis and your own research.

Profitability

Innospec Inc has an operating margin of 7.3%, meaning the company retains $7 of operating profit per $100 of revenue. This results in a moderate score of 40/100, indicating healthy but not exceptional operating efficiency. This is down from 9.6% the prior year.

Growth

Innospec Inc's revenue declined 3.7% year-over-year, from $1.8B to $1.8B. This contraction results in a growth score of 26/100.

Leverage

Innospec Inc carries a low D/E ratio of 0.38, meaning only $0.38 of long-term debt for every $1 of shareholders' equity. This conservative leverage earns a score of 94/100, indicating a strong balance sheet with room for future borrowing.

Liquidity

Innospec Inc's current ratio of 2.79 indicates adequate short-term liquidity, earning a score of 53/100. The company can meet its near-term obligations, though with limited headroom.

Returns

Innospec Inc generates a 8.8% ROE, indicating limited profit relative to shareholders' investment. This results in a returns score of 28/100. This is up from 2.9% the prior year.

Altman Z-Score Safe

4.83

Innospec Inc scores 4.83, well above the 2.99 safe threshold. This indicates low bankruptcy risk based on profitability, leverage, and asset efficiency.

Piotroski F-Score Neutral

6/9

Innospec Inc passes 6 of 9 financial strength tests. All 4 profitability signals pass (positive income, cash flow, and earnings quality), 2 of 3 leverage/liquidity signals pass, neither operating efficiency signal passes.

Earnings Quality Cash-Backed

1.19x

For every $1 of reported earnings, Innospec Inc generates $1.19 in operating cash flow ($138.3M OCF vs $116.6M net income). This indicates profits are well-supported by actual cash generation, not accounting adjustments.

Key Financial Metrics

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Earnings & Revenue

Revenue

$1.8B

YoY-3.7%

5Y CAGR+8.3%

10Y CAGR+5.8%

Innospec Inc generated $1.8B in revenue in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 3.7% from the prior year.

EBITDA

$173.1M

YoY-21.8%

5Y CAGR+16.8%

10Y CAGR-1.0%

Innospec Inc's EBITDA was $173.1M in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. This represents a decrease of 21.8% from the prior year.

Net Income

$116.6M

YoY+227.5%

5Y CAGR+32.4%

10Y CAGR-0.2%

Innospec Inc reported $116.6M in net income in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 227.5% from the prior year.

EPS (Diluted)

$4.67

YoY+228.9%

5Y CAGR+32.1%

10Y CAGR-0.4%

Innospec Inc earned $4.67 per diluted share (EPS) in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 228.9% from the prior year.

Cash & Balance Sheet

Free Cash Flow

N/A

Cash & Debt

$292.5M

YoY+1.1%

5Y CAGR+22.7%

10Y CAGR+7.9%

Innospec Inc held $292.5M in cash against $0 in long-term debt as of fiscal year 2025.

Dividends Per Share

$1.71

YoY+10.3%

5Y CAGR+10.5%

10Y CAGR+10.9%

Innospec Inc paid $1.71 per share in dividends in fiscal year 2025. This represents an increase of 10.3% from the prior year.

Shares Outstanding

25M

YoY-0.7%

5Y CAGR+0.1%

10Y CAGR+0.3%

Innospec Inc had 25M shares outstanding in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 0.7% from the prior year.

Margins & Returns

Gross Margin

27.7%

YoY-1.7pp

5Y CAGR-1.0pp

10Y CAGR-6.5pp

Innospec Inc's gross margin was 27.7% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs. This is down 1.7 percentage points from the prior year.

Operating Margin

7.3%

YoY-2.4pp

5Y CAGR+4.5pp

10Y CAGR-8.2pp

Innospec Inc's operating margin was 7.3% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting core business profitability. This is down 2.4 percentage points from the prior year.

Net Margin

6.6%

YoY+4.6pp

5Y CAGR+4.2pp

10Y CAGR-5.2pp

Innospec Inc's net profit margin was 6.6% in fiscal year 2025, showing the share of revenue converted to profit. This is up 4.6 percentage points from the prior year.

Return on Equity

8.8%

YoY+5.9pp

5Y CAGR+5.8pp

10Y CAGR-11.0pp

Innospec Inc's ROE was 8.8% in fiscal year 2025, measuring profit generated per dollar of shareholder equity. This is up 5.9 percentage points from the prior year.

Capital Allocation

R&D Spending

$51.0M

YoY-9.7%

5Y CAGR+10.5%

10Y CAGR+7.3%

Innospec Inc invested $51.0M in research and development in fiscal year 2025. This represents a decrease of 9.7% from the prior year.

Share Buybacks

$23.9M

YoY+3314.3%

5Y CAGR+62.6%

10Y CAGR+4.6%

Innospec Inc spent $23.9M on share buybacks in fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding. This represents an increase of 3314.3% from the prior year.

Capital Expenditures

N/A

IOSP Income Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Revenue	$1.8B-3.7%	$1.8B-5.3%	$1.9B-0.8%	$2.0B+32.4%	$1.5B+24.3%	$1.2B
Cost of Revenue	$1.3B-1.3%	$1.3B-4.1%	$1.4B-1.4%	$1.4B+31.3%	$1.0B+23.3%	$850.4M
Gross Profit	$492.4M-9.3%	$542.9M-8.2%	$591.1M+0.7%	$586.7M+34.9%	$434.9M+26.9%	$342.7M
R&D Expenses	$51.0M-9.7%	$56.5M+15.3%	$49.0M+26.6%	$38.7M+3.5%	$37.4M+21.0%	$30.9M
SG&A Expenses	$285.1M-6.6%	$305.3M-19.8%	$380.5M+5.5%	$360.7M+35.0%	$267.2M+12.7%	$237.0M
Operating Income	$129.5M-27.2%	$177.9M+10.1%	$161.6M-13.7%	$187.3M+41.8%	$132.1M+292.0%	$33.7M
Interest Expense	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0-100.0%	$800K
Income Tax	$21.5M+283.9%	$5.6M-84.1%	$35.3M-31.6%	$51.6M+24.9%	$41.3M+275.5%	$11.0M
Net Income	$116.6M+227.5%	$35.6M-74.4%	$139.1M+4.6%	$133.0M+42.9%	$93.1M+224.4%	$28.7M
EPS (Diluted)	$4.67+228.9%	$1.42-74.5%	$5.56+4.5%	$5.32+41.9%	$3.75+223.3%	$1.16

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Revenue	$453.2M-0.5%	$455.6M+3.1%	$441.9M+0.5%	$439.7M-0.2%	$440.8M-5.6%	$466.8M+5.3%	$443.4M+1.9%	$435.0M
Cost of Revenue	$329.7M+0.5%	$328.2M+0.9%	$325.2M+2.7%	$316.5M+0.3%	$315.7M-4.5%	$330.6M+3.5%	$319.3M+3.6%	$308.1M
Gross Profit	$123.5M-3.1%	$127.4M+9.2%	$116.7M-5.3%	$123.2M-1.5%	$125.1M-8.1%	$136.2M+9.8%	$124.1M-2.2%	$126.9M
R&D Expenses	$13.2M+20.0%	$11.0M-19.7%	$13.7M+0.7%	$13.6M+7.1%	$12.7M-14.8%	$14.9M+9.6%	$13.6M-2.9%	$14.0M
SG&A Expenses	$78.5M+13.3%	$69.3M-3.6%	$71.9M-3.6%	$74.6M+7.6%	$69.3M-12.2%	$78.9M+22.7%	$64.3M-10.2%	$71.6M
Operating Income	$36.5M-22.0%	$46.8M+693.2%	$5.9M-82.8%	$34.3M-19.3%	$42.5M+3.4%	$41.1M-9.9%	$45.6M+12.0%	$40.7M
Interest Expense	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Income Tax	$9.1M+213.8%	$2.9M+307.1%	-$1.4M-116.7%	$8.4M-27.6%	$11.6M+136.0%	-$32.2M-382.5%	$11.4M-8.8%	$12.5M
Net Income	$30.4M-35.9%	$47.4M+267.4%	$12.9M-45.1%	$23.5M-28.4%	$32.8M+146.6%	-$70.4M-310.8%	$33.4M+7.1%	$31.2M
EPS (Diluted)	$1.22	N/A	$0.52-44.7%	$0.94-28.2%	$1.31	N/A	$1.33+7.3%	$1.24

IOSP Balance Sheet

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Total Assets	$1.8B+5.6%	$1.7B+1.6%	$1.7B+6.5%	$1.6B+2.1%	$1.6B+12.4%	$1.4B
Current Assets	$1.0B+5.0%	$956.6M+8.0%	$885.7M+1.5%	$872.6M+19.8%	$728.1M+28.6%	$566.2M
Cash & Equivalents	$292.5M+1.1%	$289.2M+42.0%	$203.7M+38.5%	$147.1M+3.7%	$141.8M+34.7%	$105.3M
Inventory	$329.3M+9.4%	$301.0M+0.3%	$300.1M-19.6%	$373.1M+34.4%	$277.6M+26.2%	$220.0M
Accounts Receivable	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Goodwill	$399.0M+4.3%	$382.5M-4.2%	$399.3M+11.3%	$358.8M-1.5%	$364.3M-1.9%	$371.2M
Total Liabilities	$499.5M-3.7%	$518.6M-7.0%	$557.8M-1.0%	$563.3M+4.7%	$537.9M+18.7%	$453.0M
Current Liabilities	$360.1M-3.0%	$371.4M0.0%	$371.5M-8.5%	$405.8M+20.6%	$336.6M+33.4%	$252.4M
Long-Term Debt	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	$0
Total Equity	$1.3B+9.5%	$1.2B+5.6%	$1.1B+10.5%	$1.0B+0.5%	$1.0B+9.3%	$944.4M
Retained Earnings	$1.1B+7.2%	$1.0B-0.3%	$1.0B+11.3%	$924.2M+12.3%	$822.9M+8.5%	$758.6M

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Total Assets	$1.8B-0.7%	$1.8B+1.8%	$1.8B-0.4%	$1.8B+1.8%	$1.8B+2.3%	$1.7B-3.5%	$1.8B+5.7%	$1.7B
Current Assets	$999.1M-0.5%	$1.0B+1.6%	$988.8M+2.0%	$969.7M-0.8%	$977.1M+2.1%	$956.6M-0.9%	$965.6M+10.1%	$876.8M
Cash & Equivalents	$289.1M-1.2%	$292.5M+8.0%	$270.8M+1.6%	$266.6M-11.1%	$299.8M+3.7%	$289.2M-4.8%	$303.8M+26.5%	$240.2M
Inventory	$321.5M-2.4%	$329.3M-4.6%	$345.2M+2.5%	$336.8M+6.8%	$315.4M+4.8%	$301.0M-5.7%	$319.3M+1.9%	$313.5M
Accounts Receivable	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Goodwill	$399.1M0.0%	$399.0M-0.2%	$399.8M+0.6%	$397.6M+2.4%	$388.4M+1.5%	$382.5M-2.5%	$392.3M+1.1%	$388.2M
Total Liabilities	$467.6M-6.4%	$499.5M+0.6%	$496.5M-1.6%	$504.6M-0.8%	$508.9M-1.9%	$518.6M-5.7%	$550.1M+9.1%	$504.4M
Current Liabilities	$334.8M-7.0%	$360.1M+1.1%	$356.1M+5.5%	$337.4M-5.6%	$357.6M-3.7%	$371.4M-0.5%	$373.1M+12.1%	$332.8M
Long-Term Debt	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total Equity	$1.3B+1.4%	$1.3B+2.2%	$1.3B+0.1%	$1.3B+2.8%	$1.3B+4.0%	$1.2B-2.6%	$1.2B+4.3%	$1.2B
Retained Earnings	$1.1B+2.8%	$1.1B+2.4%	$1.1B+1.2%	$1.1B+0.3%	$1.1B+3.2%	$1.0B-8.1%	$1.1B+3.1%	$1.1B

IOSP Cash Flow Statement

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Operating Cash Flow	$138.3M-25.0%	$184.5M-11.0%	$207.3M+153.7%	$81.7M-12.3%	$93.2M-36.1%	$145.9M
Capital Expenditures	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Free Cash Flow	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Investing Cash Flow	-$75.1M-21.1%	-$62.0M+44.5%	-$111.8M-165.6%	-$42.1M-16.3%	-$36.2M-21.9%	-$29.7M
Financing Cash Flow	-$63.9M-81.0%	-$35.3M+9.5%	-$39.0M-15.7%	-$33.7M-68.5%	-$20.0M+77.0%	-$86.8M
Dividends Paid	$42.4M+9.3%	$38.8M+10.5%	$35.1M+10.7%	$31.7M+10.1%	$28.8M+12.5%	$25.6M
Share Buybacks	$23.9M+3314.3%	$700K-36.4%	$1.1M-81.4%	$5.9M+637.5%	$800K-61.9%	$2.1M

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Operating Cash Flow	$17.6M-71.3%	$61.4M+56.2%	$39.3M+322.6%	$9.3M-67.1%	$28.3M+10.1%	$25.7M-65.0%	$73.5M+1463.8%	$4.7M
Capital Expenditures	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Free Cash Flow	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Investing Cash Flow	-$13.7M+28.6%	-$19.2M+20.7%	-$24.2M-49.4%	-$16.2M-4.5%	-$15.5M+24.8%	-$20.6M-76.1%	-$11.7M+24.0%	-$15.4M
Financing Cash Flow	-$6.6M+68.0%	-$20.6M-90.7%	-$10.8M+62.4%	-$28.7M-655.3%	-$3.8M+78.7%	-$17.8M-2077.8%	$900K+104.8%	-$18.9M
Dividends Paid	N/A	$21.6M	$0-100.0%	$20.8M	N/A	$19.8M	$0-100.0%	$19.0M
Share Buybacks	$7.1M	$0-100.0%	$10.6M+24.7%	$8.5M+77.1%	$4.8M	$0	$0-100.0%	$300K

IOSP Financial Ratios

Metric	FY25	FY24	FY23	FY22	FY21	FY20
Gross Margin	27.7%-1.7pp	29.4%-0.9pp	30.3%+0.5pp	29.9%+0.6pp	29.3%+0.6pp	28.7%
Operating Margin	7.3%-2.4pp	9.6%+1.3pp	8.3%-1.2pp	9.5%+0.6pp	8.9%+6.1pp	2.8%
Net Margin	6.6%+4.6pp	1.9%-5.2pp	7.1%+0.4pp	6.8%+0.5pp	6.3%+3.9pp	2.4%
Return on Equity	8.8%+5.9pp	2.9%-9.2pp	12.1%-0.7pp	12.8%+3.8pp	9.0%+6.0pp	3.0%
Return on Assets	6.4%+4.3pp	2.1%-6.1pp	8.2%-0.1pp	8.3%+2.4pp	5.9%+3.9pp	2.1%
Current Ratio	2.79+0.2	2.58+0.2	2.38+0.2	2.15-0.0	2.16-0.1	2.24
Debt-to-Equity	0.38-0.1	0.43-0.1	0.49-0.1	0.54+0.0	0.52+0.5	0.00
FCF Margin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Metric	Q1'26	Q4'25	Q3'25	Q2'25	Q1'25	Q4'24	Q3'24	Q2'24
Gross Margin	27.3%-0.7pp	28.0%+1.6pp	26.4%-1.6pp	28.0%-0.4pp	28.4%-0.8pp	29.2%+1.2pp	28.0%-1.2pp	29.2%
Operating Margin	8.1%-2.2pp	10.3%+8.9pp	1.3%-6.5pp	7.8%-1.8pp	9.6%+0.8pp	8.8%-1.5pp	10.3%+0.9pp	9.4%
Net Margin	6.7%-3.7pp	10.4%+7.5pp	2.9%-2.4pp	5.3%-2.1pp	7.4%+22.5pp	-15.1%-22.6pp	7.5%+0.4pp	7.2%
Return on Equity	2.3%-1.3pp	3.6%+2.6pp	1.0%-0.8pp	1.8%-0.8pp	2.6%+8.4pp	-5.8%-8.5pp	2.7%+0.1pp	2.6%
Return on Assets	1.7%-0.9pp	2.6%+1.9pp	0.7%-0.6pp	1.3%-0.5pp	1.8%+5.9pp	-4.1%-5.9pp	1.9%+0.0pp	1.8%
Current Ratio	2.98+0.2	2.79+0.0	2.78-0.1	2.87+0.1	2.73+0.2	2.58-0.0	2.59-0.0	2.63
Debt-to-Equity	0.35-0.0	0.380.0	0.380.0	0.39-0.0	0.40-0.0	0.43-0.0	0.44+0.0	0.42
FCF Margin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is Innospec Inc's annual revenue?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) reported $1.8B in total revenue for fiscal year 2025. This represents a -3.7% change compared to the previous fiscal year. Revenue measures the total income earned from the company's primary business operations before any expenses are deducted.

How fast is Innospec Inc's revenue growing?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) revenue declined by 3.7% year-over-year, from $1.8B to $1.8B in fiscal year 2025.

Is Innospec Inc profitable?

Yes, Innospec Inc (IOSP) reported a net income of $116.6M in fiscal year 2025, with a net profit margin of 6.6%.

What is Innospec Inc's EBITDA?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had EBITDA of $173.1M in fiscal year 2025, measuring earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

What is Innospec Inc's gross margin?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had a gross margin of 27.7% in fiscal year 2025, indicating the percentage of revenue retained after direct costs of goods sold.

What is Innospec Inc's operating margin?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had an operating margin of 7.3% in fiscal year 2025, reflecting the profitability of core business operations before interest and taxes.

What is Innospec Inc's net profit margin?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had a net profit margin of 6.6% in fiscal year 2025, representing the share of revenue converted into profit after all expenses.

Does Innospec Inc pay dividends?

Yes, Innospec Inc (IOSP) paid $1.71 per share in dividends during fiscal year 2025.

What is Innospec Inc's return on equity (ROE)?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) has a return on equity of 8.8% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company generates profit from shareholder equity.

What is Innospec Inc's operating cash flow?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) generated $138.3M in operating cash flow during fiscal year 2025, representing cash generated from core business activities.

What are Innospec Inc's total assets?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had $1.8B in total assets as of fiscal year 2025, including both current and long-term assets.

How much does Innospec Inc spend on research and development?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) invested $51.0M in research and development during fiscal year 2025.

Does Innospec Inc buy back shares?

Yes, Innospec Inc (IOSP) spent $23.9M on share buybacks during fiscal year 2025, returning capital to shareholders by reducing shares outstanding.

How many shares does Innospec Inc have outstanding?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had 25M shares outstanding as of fiscal year 2025.

What is Innospec Inc's current ratio?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had a current ratio of 2.79 as of fiscal year 2025, which is generally considered healthy.

What is Innospec Inc's debt-to-equity ratio?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.38 as of fiscal year 2025, measuring the company's financial leverage by comparing total debt to shareholder equity.

What is Innospec Inc's return on assets (ROA)?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) had a return on assets of 6.4% for fiscal year 2025, measuring how efficiently the company uses its assets to generate profit.

What is Innospec Inc's Altman Z-Score?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) has an Altman Z-Score of 4.83, placing it in the Safe Zone (low bankruptcy risk). The Z-Score combines five financial ratios (working capital, retained earnings, EBIT, market capitalization, and revenue relative to total assets) to predict the likelihood of bankruptcy. Scores above 2.99 indicate financial safety while scores below 1.81 suggest financial distress. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

What is Innospec Inc's Piotroski F-Score?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) has a Piotroski F-Score of 6 out of 9, indicating neutral financial health. The F-Score evaluates nine binary signals across profitability (positive ROA, positive cash flow, improving ROA, earnings quality), leverage (decreasing debt, improving liquidity, no share dilution), and operating efficiency (improving gross margin, improving asset turnover). Scores of 7 to 9 indicate strong and improving fundamentals. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

Are Innospec Inc's earnings high quality?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) has an earnings quality ratio of 1.19x, considered cash-backed (high quality). This ratio compares operating cash flow to net income. A ratio above 1.0x means the company generates more cash than its reported earnings, indicating sustainable, cash-backed profits. Ratios below 1.0x suggest earnings rely on accounting accruals rather than actual cash generation. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.

How financially healthy is Innospec Inc?

Innospec Inc (IOSP) scores 40 out of 100 on our Financial Profile, indicating moderate overall financial health. This composite score evaluates six dimensions: profitability (operating margin), revenue growth, leverage (debt-to-equity), liquidity (current ratio), cash flow quality (free cash flow margin), and shareholder returns (return on equity). Each dimension is normalized against standard financial benchmarks. Learn more in our complete guide to financial health indicators.