Terran Orbital Reports First Quarter 2024 Financial Results

Rhea-AI Summary

Terran Orbital (NYSE: LLAP) reported its Q1 2024 financial results, highlighting a new contract with Lockheed Martin for 18 space vehicles and total awards exceeding $100 million for Q2 2024.

As of March 31, 2024, the backlog was $2.7 billion, expected to rise to over $2.8 billion, including $400 million in non-Rivada programs.

Q1 2024 revenue was $27.2 million, a 3% decline from Q1 2023 due to supply chain issues. Costs rose to $33.4 million, leading to a gross loss of $6.2 million.

Net loss improved to $53.2 million from $54.4 million in Q1 2023, driven by reduced selling, general, and administrative expenses. Adjusted EBITDA worsened to -$28.2 million from -$22.6 million. The company holds $43.7 million in cash with $316.7 million in gross debt obligations.

A strategic review is ongoing, including options like remaining independent. The special committee continues to evaluate potential value-maximizing opportunities.

Positive

• New contract with Lockheed Martin for 18 space vehicles.
• Q2 2024 awards exceed $100 million.
• Backlog expected to exceed $2.8 billion, including $400 million in non-Rivada programs.
• Net loss improved to $53.2 million from $54.4 million in Q1 2023.
• Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased to $28.3 million from $32.5 million in Q1 2023.

Negative

• Q1 2024 revenue of $27.2 million is down 3% from Q1 2023.
• Gross loss of $6.2 million in Q1 2024, compared to $1.4 million in Q1 2023.
• Adjusted Gross Loss was -$3.4 million compared to $2.3 million in Q1 2023.
• Adjusted EBITDA worsened to -$28.2 million from -$22.6 million in Q1 2023.
• Increased cost of sales to $33.4 million from $29.6 million in Q1 2023.
• The company holds $316.7 million in gross debt obligations.
• Cash on hand is $43.7 million.

Insights

Financial Analyst

The financial results for Terran Orbital for the first quarter of 2024 show a mixed bag of outcomes. While the revenue declined by $1 million compared to the same period last year, the backlog has increased to $2.8 billion, which signals robust future potential. The decline in revenue was attributed to an unfavorable Estimate-at-Completion (EAC) adjustment, largely due to challenges with a subcontractor. However, this is expected to be resolved by Q3 2024, underscoring the company's resilience and ability to manage supply chain issues.

The increase in the cost of sales and the resulting gross loss should raise some concerns. A gross loss of $6.2 million compared to a $1.4 million loss in the prior year is significant. The company's strategy of vertical integration may help mitigate such issues in the future, but it is a point of risk management that investors should keep an eye on.

Net loss was slightly better, at $53.2 million compared to $54.4 million last year, but the Adjusted EBITDA being more negative at $(28.2) million indicates operational challenges. The reduction in Selling, General and Administrative expenses is a positive, showing some cost management improvements.

Liquidity is another concern, with $43.7 million in cash on hand against $316.7 million in gross debt obligations. Any strategic alternatives, including potential buyouts or mergers, should consider this financial health aspect.

Aerospace Industry Expert

The contract with Lockheed Martin for 18 space vehicles is an important milestone for Terran Orbital. This deal not only provides immediate revenue but also strengthens the long-term strategic relationship with a major player in the aerospace and defense industry. The estimated $400 million in non-Rivada programs indicates the company is diversifying its contract base, which could provide more stability and growth opportunities moving forward.

The backlog of $2.8 billion is impressive and reflects a robust demand for their satellite products. However, the strategic review process, including the potential acquisition by Lockheed Martin, brings an element of uncertainty. Investors should note that while this could lead to enhanced value, it may also result in volatility in the stock market.

The mention of vertical integration to counter supply chain issues is a forward-thinking approach. This move can significantly impact the company's ability to deliver on contracts more reliably and possibly reduce costs over time. This strategy aligns well with trends in the aerospace industry where supply chain reliability is crucial.

Market Research Analyst

Terran Orbital's financial results highlight a company in the midst of growing pains but with significant potential. The $100 million in second-quarter awards to date suggests strong demand. The strategic cooperation with Lockheed Martin until 2035 is a long-term positive, guaranteeing a steady flow of business and expertise exchange.

From a market perspective, the company's proactive approach to vertical integration can serve as a competitive advantage. This strategy can mitigate risks associated with subcontractors and supply chain disruptions, which are common industry challenges. The ongoing strategic review process introduces a degree of uncertainty, but it also opens the doors to potential mergers or acquisitions that could unlock significant shareholder value.

Given the mixed financial results, the company's strategy appears focused on long-term gains rather than short-term profitability. Investors should consider the strategic plans and the robust backlog as indicators of future performance, while also being mindful of the current financial constraints and operational challenges.

• Expanding collaboration and commitment from Lockheed Martin, awarded a new contract for 18 space vehicles for the Space Development Agency (SDA)
• Second quarter 2024 awards exceed $100 million to-date
• As of March 31, 2024, backlog was $2.7 billion; and, as of today, is estimated to be over $2.8 billion, inclusive of $400 million of non-Rivada programs
• Review of strategic alternatives still ongoing

BOCA RATON, Fla.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Terran Orbital Corporation (NYSE: LLAP) ("Terran Orbital" or the "Company"), a leading manufacturer of satellite products primarily serving the aerospace and defense industries, today announced financial results and operational highlights for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Marc Bell, Co-Founder, Chairman, and Chief Executive Officer of Terran Orbital prefaced the release by saying, “Our team was selected by Lockheed Martin to build 18 space vehicles for the SDA’s Tranche 2 Tracking Layer. We value Lockheed Martin’s partnership and look forward to continued collaboration under our Strategic Cooperation Agreement, which runs through 2035. We remain committed to exceeding customer expectations and delivering cutting-edge satellite solutions while our strategic review is still ongoing. This process includes a range of options, including staying independent.”

Results for the First Quarter of 2024

Revenue for the first quarter of 2024 was $27.2 million, down 3% compared to $28.2 million for the same quarter in 2023. The decrease in revenue was driven by unfavorable Estimate-at-Completion (EAC) adjustments, primarily on a single program due to challenges with a subcontractor, and was partially offset by an increase in revenue due to the continued and increased level of progress made in satisfying our customer contracts. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, revenue included an estimated $13.1 million negative impact and $0.8 million positive impact, respectively, related to EAC adjustments on our firm fixed price contracts. EAC adjustments represent net impacts during the period related to changes in our aggregate program contract values, estimated costs at completion, and other program estimates, including the impacts of cost overruns and recognition of loss reserves.

Commenting on the first quarter, Mr. Bell said, “We expect the delayed revenue from this single program to be recognized by the end of the third quarter of 2024. This supply chain disruption underscores the importance of our vertical integration strategy. By bringing more aspects of the manufacturing process in-house, we can become less reliant on external factors and ensure on-time delivery for our valued customers.”

Cost of sales for the quarter was $33.4 million compared to $29.6 million for the same period in the prior year. The increase in cost of sales was primarily due to an increase of $2.9 million in labor, materials, third-party services, overhead, launch costs, other direct costs, $1.4 million related to reserves for anticipated losses on contracts period over period, and $1.3 million in depreciation and amortization, partially offset by a decrease of $2.3 million in share-based compensation expense. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, cost of sales included an estimated $0.5 million negative impact and a $0.8 million positive impact, respectively, related to EAC adjustments on our firm fixed price contracts.

Gross loss for the first quarter of 2024 was $6.2 million compared to a loss of $1.4 million for the same period in the prior year. Excluding share-based compensation and depreciation and amortization included in cost of sales, Adjusted Gross (Loss) Profit⁽¹⁾ was $(3.4) million for the first quarter compared to $2.3 million for the same period in 2023. EAC adjustments negatively impacted gross loss and Adjusted Gross Loss by an estimated $13.6 million during the period compared to a positive impact of $1.5 million for the same period in the prior year.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses were $28.3 million in the first quarter of 2024, compared to $32.5 million for the same period in the prior year. The decrease in selling, general, and administrative expenses was primarily due to a decrease of $4.0 million in share-based compensation expense, as certain awards granted in connection with becoming a public company were fully expensed during the first quarter of 2023, and a decrease of $3.6 million in research and development activities, exclusive of allocated share-based compensation and depreciation. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $3.0 million in administrative labor and benefits, net of allocated overhead, due to the increase in headcount on a comparative basis.

Net loss was $53.2 million in the first quarter of 2024, compared to a net loss of $54.4 million for the same period in the prior year. The improvement in net loss was driven by items discussed above and lower losses from changes in the fair values of warrant and derivative liabilities, partially offset by higher interest expense.

Adjusted EBITDA⁽¹⁾ was $(28.2) million for the first quarter of 2024, compared to $(22.6) million for the same quarter in 2023. The increase in negative Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to a decrease in Adjusted Gross (Loss) Profit.

Capital expenditures totaled $2.5 million in the first quarter.

Balance Sheet and Liquidity

As of March 31, 2024, Terran Orbital had $43.7 million of cash on hand and approximately $316.7 million in gross debt obligations. The Company’s debt includes $15.0 million in connection with an obligation under one of its PIPE investment subscription agreements, which is payable in cash or equity at the Company’s option, subject to certain limitations.

Backlog

Backlog represents the estimated dollar value of executed contracts, including both funded (firm orders for which funding is authorized and appropriated) and unfunded portions of such contracts, for which work has not been performed. The unfunded portion of enforceable contracts is accounted for as variable consideration and is reported at our estimate of the most likely amount to which the Company is expected to be entitled. Although backlog reflects business associated with contracts considered to be firm, terminations, amendments or contract cancellations may occur, which could result in a reduction in our total backlog.

As of March 31, 2024, backlog was $2.7 billion, of which $2.4 billion was related to our contract with Rivada and $300 million was related to non-Rivada programs. As of May 14, 2024, backlog is estimated to be over $2.8 billion, inclusive of $400 million of non-Rivada programs.

Ongoing Review of Strategic Alternatives

As previously announced, a special committee of Terran Orbital’s board of directors composed solely of independent and disinterested directors, consistent with its fiduciary duties and in consultation with its financial and legal advisors, has engaged in an ongoing proactive process to evaluate strategic opportunities that are or may be available to the Company, including maintaining the status quo and continuing to operate as a standalone, independent publicly traded company, to determine the course of action that it believes will maximize value for the company’s stockholders.

Regarding the previously announced and subsequently withdrawn non-binding proposal from Lockheed Martin to acquire, in a merger transaction, all of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock not owned by it for a price of $1.00 per share (the “Lockheed Proposal”), independent director and special committee chair James LaChance stated: “We appreciate Lockheed Martin’s interest and engagement. In our discussions with Lockheed Martin regarding their proposal, including at an in-person meeting on April 16, 2024, we shared that the Company values its strategic relationship with Lockheed Martin, both as a security holder and as a key customer, and, as the strategic review process continues, we are committed to maximizing stockholder value and remain open to further exploring if there is value to be created for our stockholders through future commercial and strategic arrangements or transactions with Lockheed Martin.”

The special committee does not intend to provide any updates regarding the company’s ongoing strategic review process, unless and until it deems further disclosure is appropriate. There can be no assurance that the strategic review process will result in any transaction or strategic alternative, or any assurance regarding its outcome or timing.

Conference Call Information

Terran Orbital’s first quarter earnings call is scheduled for 11:00 a.m. ET today. The live webcast will be accessible on the Terran Orbital Investor Relations website at investors.terranorbital.com. The call can also be accessed by dialing 833-470-1428 within the U.S. and by dialing 404-975-4839 outside of the U.S. The passcode for both is 291823. A replay will be available by accessing the same link as listed above.

(1) Non-GAAP financial measure. Definitions of the non-GAAP financial measures used in this press release and reconciliations of such measures to their nearest GAAP measures are included below.

About Terran Orbital

Terran Orbital Corporation is a leading manufacturer of satellite products primarily serving the aerospace and defense industries. Terran Orbital provides end-to-end satellite solutions by combining satellite design, production, launch planning, mission operations, and on-orbit support to meet the needs of the most demanding military, civil, and commercial customers. Learn more at www.terranorbital.com.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains, and the Company’s officers and representatives may from time to time make other public written and verbal announcements that contain, “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements, other than statements of present or historical facts, contained in this press release, regarding our expected future financial results, including the timing of revenue recognition, our business strategy and future operations, strategic review and potential resulting transactions, our results of operations and its impact on our shareholders, our ability to execute, expectations regarding key customer contracts, and other expectations, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by such words as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook, “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “will,” “should,” “would” and “could” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (many of which are beyond our control), or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this press release, including, but not limited to: Rivada’s ability to obtain additional funding to continue to finance its operations and fund future installments of our manufacturing contract; the status of Rivada’s regulatory approvals for its constellation and business operations and continuing ability to receive and maintain required regulatory approvals to conduct its business; Rivada’s right to terminate our contract for convenience or default; our ability to scale-up our manufacturing processes and facilities in order to meet the demands of the Rivada program and other programs; our ability to maintain compliance with the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange; our ability to operate as a going concern; our ability to execute on programs and collect from customers in a timely manner; our ability to finance our operations, the ability to implement business plans, forecasts, and other expectations, and to identify and realize additional opportunities; anticipated timing, cost, financing and development of our satellite manufacturing capabilities; limited access, or access on unfavorable terms, to equity and debt capital markets and other funding sources that will be needed to fund operations and make investments; and the other risks disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on April 1, 2024 and the prospectus supplement dated September 18, 2023 related to our Registration Statement on Form S-3, as amended (File No. 333-271093), which was declared effective by the SEC on April 18, 2023.

These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations, plans, forecasts, assumptions, and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects. There can be no assurance that the future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated, and we may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. You should read this press release with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from the expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. All forward-looking statements we make are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. The forward-looking statements contained in this press release are made as of the date of this press release, and we do not assume any obligation to, and we do not intend to, update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

TERRAN ORBITAL CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)
(In thousands)
		March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		$	43,701			$	71,663
Accounts receivable, net			1,642				14,735
Contract assets, net			26,370				21,390
Inventory			34,680				33,348
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			22,129				14,843
Total current assets			128,522				155,979
Property, plant, and equipment, net			48,356				46,449
Other assets			16,020				17,885
Total assets		$	192,898			$	220,313
Liabilities and shareholders' deficit:
Current portion of long-term debt		$	12,839			$	11,740
Accounts payable			24,791				22,850
Contract liabilities			111,549				103,924
Reserve for anticipated losses on contracts			620				977
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities			35,719				14,408
Total current liabilities			185,518				153,899
Long-term debt			179,421				171,033
Warrant and derivative liabilities			17,283				34,462
Other liabilities			17,756				18,555
Total liabilities			399,978				377,949
Shareholders' deficit:
Preferred stock			-				-
Common stock			20				20
Additional paid-in capital			358,981				355,144
Accumulated deficit			(566,255	)			(513,011	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income			174				211
Total shareholders' deficit			(207,080	)			(157,636	)
Total liabilities and shareholders' deficit		$	192,898			$	220,313

TERRAN ORBITAL CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024				2023
Revenue		$	27,235			$	28,198
Cost of sales			33,391				29,597
Gross loss			(6,156	)			(1,399	)
Selling, general, and administrative expenses			28,308				32,530
Loss from operations			(34,464	)			(33,929	)
Interest expense, net			13,696				10,934
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities			5,043				9,455
Other (income) expense			(11	)			109
Loss before income taxes			(53,192	)			(54,427	)
Provision for income taxes			52				18
Net loss			(53,244	)			(54,445	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments			(37	)			20
Total comprehensive loss		$	(53,281	)		$	(54,425	)
Weighted-average shares outstanding
Basic and diluted			201,442,209				144,062,103
Net loss per share
Basic and diluted		$	(0.26	)		$	(0.38	)

TERRAN ORBITAL CORPORATION
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)
(In thousands)
		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024				2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss		$	(53,244	)		$	(54,445	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization			2,391				919
Non-cash interest expense			9,581				7,053
Share-based compensation expense			3,816				10,166
Provision for losses on receivables and inventory			511				3
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities			5,043				9,455
Amortization of operating right-of-use assets			378				279
Other non-cash, net			77				-
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable, net			13,072				1,992
Contract assets			(5,017	)			1,423
Inventory			(1,309	)			(3,990	)
Accounts payable			2,844				1,009
Contract liabilities			7,676				(8,021	)
Reserve for anticipated losses on contracts			(357	)			(1,723	)
Accrued interest			(49	)			(88	)
Other, net			(8,228	)			3,145
Net cash used in operating activities			(22,815	)			(32,823	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant, and equipment			(2,498	)			(3,162	)
Net cash used in investing activities			(2,498	)			(3,162	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayment of long-term debt			(2,551	)			(518	)
Payment of issuance costs			(44	)			-
Proceeds from exercise of stock options			21				339
Net cash used by financing activities			(2,574	)			(179	)
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash and cash equivalents			(75	)			30
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents			(27,962	)			(36,134	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period			71,663				93,561
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period		$	43,701			$	57,427

TERRAN ORBITAL CORPORATION
Non-GAAP Measures

To provide investors with additional information in connection with our results as determined in accordance with GAAP, we disclose the non-GAAP financial measures Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted EBITDA. These non-GAAP measures may be different from non-GAAP measures made by other companies. These measures may exclude items that are significant in understanding and assessing our financial results. Therefore, these measures should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to net income or other measures of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP.

TERRAN ORBITAL CORPORATION
Reconciliations of GAAP to Non-GAAP Measures (Unaudited)
(In thousands)

Adjusted Gross Profit

We define Adjusted Gross Profit as gross profit or loss adjusted for (i) share-based compensation expense included in cost of sales and (ii) depreciation and amortization included in cost of sales.

We believe that the presentation of Adjusted Gross Profit is appropriate to provide additional information to investors about our gross profit adjusted for certain non-cash items. Further, we believe Adjusted Gross Profit provides a meaningful measure of operating profitability because we use it for evaluating our business performance, making budgeting decisions, and comparing our performance against that of other peer companies using similar measures.

There are material limitations to using Adjusted Gross Profit. Adjusted Gross Profit does not take into account all items which directly affect our gross profit or loss. These limitations are best addressed by considering the economic effects of the excluded items independently and by considering Adjusted Gross Profit in conjunction with gross profit or loss as calculated in accordance with GAAP.

		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024				2023
Gross loss		$	(6,156	)		$	(1,399	)
Share-based compensation expense			941				3,245
Depreciation and amortization			1,791				466
Adjusted gross (loss) profit		$	(3,424	)		$	2,312

TERRAN ORBITAL CORPORATION
Reconciliations of GAAP to Non-GAAP Measures (Unaudited)
(In thousands)

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income or loss adjusted for (i) interest, (ii) taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) share-based compensation expense, (v) loss on extinguishment of debt, (vi) change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities, and (vii) other non-recurring and/or non-cash items.

We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA is appropriate to provide additional information to investors about our operating profitability adjusted for certain non-cash items, non-routine items that we do not expect to continue at the same level in the future, as well as other items that are not core to our operations. Further, we believe Adjusted EBITDA provides a meaningful measure of operating profitability because we use it for evaluating our business performance, making budgeting decisions, and comparing our performance against that of other peer companies using similar measures.

There are material limitations to using Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA does not take into account certain significant items, including depreciation and amortization, interest, taxes, and other adjustments which directly affect our net income or loss. These limitations are best addressed by considering the economic effects of the excluded items independently and by considering Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with net income or loss as calculated in accordance with GAAP.

		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024				2023
Net loss		$	(53,244	)		$	(54,445	)
Interest expense, net			13,696				10,934
Provision for income taxes			52				18
Depreciation and amortization			2,391				919
Share-based compensation expense			3,816				10,166
Change in fair value of warrant and derivative liabilities			5,043				9,455
Other, net(a)			11				401
Adjusted EBITDA		$	(28,235	)		$	(22,552	)

(a) - Represents other expense and other charges and items. Non-recurring legal and accounting fees related to our financing transactions are included herein.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240514904938/en/

ir@terranorbital.com

949-202-8476

Source: Terran Orbital

FAQ

How did Terran Orbital perform financially in Q1 2024?

Terran Orbital reported a Q1 2024 revenue of $27.2 million, a 3% decrease from Q1 2023. The company also experienced a gross loss of $6.2 million and a net loss of $53.2 million.

What is Terran Orbital's backlog as of Q1 2024?

As of March 31, 2024, Terran Orbital's backlog was $2.7 billion, expected to exceed $2.8 billion, including $400 million in non-Rivada programs.

What is the significance of the new contract with Lockheed Martin?

Terran Orbital secured a new contract with Lockheed Martin to build 18 space vehicles, highlighting a continuing strategic partnership and contributing to Q2 2024 awards exceeding $100 million.

What were the key reasons for the revenue decline in Q1 2024?

The revenue decline in Q1 2024 was mainly due to unfavorable Estimate-at-Completion (EAC) adjustments and supply chain issues.

What are the current liquidity and debt levels of Terran Orbital?

As of March 31, 2024, Terran Orbital had $43.7 million in cash and $316.7 million in gross debt obligations.

How did Adjusted EBITDA perform in Q1 2024?

Adjusted EBITDA for Q1 2024 was -$28.2 million, worsening from -$22.6 million in Q1 2023.

What strategic alternatives is Terran Orbital considering?

Terran Orbital's ongoing strategic review includes evaluating options such as remaining independent or exploring new opportunities to maximize shareholder value.

How did Terran Orbital's cost of sales change in Q1 2024?

The cost of sales increased to $33.4 million in Q1 2024, up from $29.6 million in Q1 2023, due to higher labor, materials, third-party services, and other costs.