STOCK TITAN

DLH Reports Fiscal 2024 Third Quarter Results

Rhea-AI Impact
(Neutral)
Rhea-AI Sentiment
(Neutral)
Tags

DLH Holdings Corp. (NASDAQ: DLHC) reported its fiscal 2024 third quarter results. Revenue was $100.7 million, down slightly from $102.2 million in the same quarter last year. Earnings were $1.1 million, or $0.08 per diluted share, compared to $1.7 million, or $0.12 per diluted share, in Q3 2023. EBITDA decreased to $10.0 million from $11.4 million year-over-year.

The company continued to reduce its debt, which stood at $166.5 million as of June 30, 2024. Contract backlog was $670.5 million. DLH saw growth in its Department of Health and Human Services portfolio, offset by small business set-aside contract conversions. The company expects to further reduce its debt to between $160.0 million and $157.0 million by the end of fiscal 2024.

DLH Holdings Corp. (NASDAQ: DLHC) ha riportato i risultati del terzo trimestre fiscale 2024. I ricavi sono stati di 100,7 milioni di dollari, in leggera diminuzione rispetto ai 102,2 milioni di dollari nello stesso trimestre dell'anno scorso. Gli utili sono stati di 1,1 milioni di dollari, ovvero 0,08 dollari per azione diluita, rispetto a 1,7 milioni di dollari, o 0,12 dollari per azione diluita, nel terzo trimestre del 2023. L'EBITDA è diminuito a 10,0 milioni di dollari rispetto agli 11,4 milioni dell'anno precedente.

La società ha continuato a ridurre il proprio debito, che ammontava a 166,5 milioni di dollari al 30 giugno 2024. L'arretrato di contratti ammontava a 670,5 milioni di dollari. DLH ha registrato una crescita nel proprio portafoglio del Dipartimento della Salute e dei Servizi Umani, compensata dalla conversione di contratti riservati a piccole imprese. L'azienda prevede di ridurre ulteriormente il debito a un intervallo tra 160,0 milioni e 157,0 milioni di dollari entro la fine del fiscal 2024.

DLH Holdings Corp. (NASDAQ: DLHC) informó sus resultados del tercer trimestre fiscal de 2024. Los ingresos fueron de 100,7 millones de dólares, una ligera disminución con respecto a los 102,2 millones del mismo trimestre del año anterior. Las ganancias fueron de 1,1 millones de dólares, o 0,08 dólares por acción diluida, en comparación con 1,7 millones de dólares, o 0,12 dólares por acción diluida, en el tercer trimestre de 2023. El EBITDA disminuyó a 10,0 millones de dólares desde 11,4 millones del año anterior.

La empresa continuó reduciendo su deuda, que se situó en 166,5 millones de dólares a 30 de junio de 2024. El backlog de contratos fue de 670,5 millones de dólares. DLH experimentó crecimiento en su cartera del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos, compensado por la conversión de contratos reservados para pequeñas empresas. La empresa espera reducir aún más su deuda a entre 160,0 millones y 157,0 millones de dólares para el final del año fiscal 2024.

DLH Holdings Corp. (NASDAQ: DLHC)는 2024 회계연도 3분기 결과를 보고했습니다. 매출은 1억 700만 달러로, 지난해 같은 분기의 1억 220만 달러에서 소폭 감소했습니다. 순이익은 110만 달러, 즉 희석주당 0.08달러로, 2023년 3분기의 170만 달러, 즉 희석주당 0.12달러와 비교됩니다. EBITDA는 지난해 1140만 달러에서 1000만 달러로 감소했습니다.

회사는 2024년 6월 30일 기준으로 1억 6650만 달러에 달하는 부채를 계속 줄였습니다. 계약 미체결 물량은 6억 7050만 달러였습니다. DLH는 보건복지부 포트폴리오에서 성장을 보였으나, 중소기업을 위한 계약 전환으로 보완되었습니다. 회사는 2024 회계연도 말까지 부채를 1억 6000만 달러와 1억 5700만 달러 사이로 further 줄일 것으로 예상합니다.

DLH Holdings Corp. (NASDAQ: DLHC) a annoncé ses résultats du troisième trimestre de l'exercice fiscal 2024. Les revenus ont atteint 100,7 millions de dollars, en légère baisse par rapport à 102,2 millions de dollars au même trimestre de l'année précédente. Les bénéfices se sont élevés à 1,1 million de dollars, soit 0,08 dollar par action diluée, contre 1,7 million de dollars, soit 0,12 dollar par action diluée, au troisième trimestre 2023. L'EBITDA a diminué à 10,0 millions de dollars contre 11,4 millions de dollars l'année précédente.

L'entreprise a continué à réduire sa dette, qui s'élevait à 166,5 millions de dollars au 30 juin 2024. Le carnet de commandes était de 670,5 millions de dollars. DLH a connu une croissance dans son portefeuille du Département de la Santé et des Services Humains, compensée par des conversions de contrats réservés aux petites entreprises. L'entreprise prévoit de réduire encore sa dette à entre 160,0 millions et 157,0 millions de dollars d'ici la fin de l'exercice fiscal 2024.

DLH Holdings Corp. (NASDAQ: DLHC) hat die Ergebnisse des dritten Quartals des Geschäftsjahres 2024 veröffentlicht. Der Umsatz betrug 100,7 Millionen Dollar, was einen leichten Rückgang gegenüber 102,2 Millionen Dollar im gleichen Quartal des Vorjahres darstellt. Der Gewinn betrug 1,1 Millionen Dollar, oder 0,08 Dollar pro verwässerter Aktie, im Vergleich zu 1,7 Millionen Dollar, oder 0,12 Dollar pro verwässerter Aktie, im dritten Quartal 2023. EBITDA verringerte sich von 11,4 Millionen Dollar auf 10,0 Millionen Dollar im Jahresvergleich.

Das Unternehmen setzte seine Schuldenreduktion fort, die am 30. Juni 2024 166,5 Millionen Dollar betrugen. Der Auftragsbestand belief sich auf 670,5 Millionen Dollar. DLH verzeichnete Wachstum im Portfolio des Ministeriums für Gesundheit und soziale Dienste, das durch Umwandlungen von Verträgen für kleine Unternehmen ausgeglichen wurde. Das Unternehmen erwartet, seine Schulden bis Ende des Geschäftsjahres 2024 weiter auf zwischen 160,0 Millionen und 157,0 Millionen Dollar zu reduzieren.

Positive
  • Revenue growth in Department of Health and Human Services portfolio
  • Debt reduction from $170.8 million to $166.5 million in Q3
  • Strong cash flow allowing for debt reduction and lower interest expenses
  • Robust pipeline of qualified new business opportunities
Negative
  • Revenue decreased from $102.2 million to $100.7 million year-over-year
  • Earnings per diluted share dropped from $0.12 to $0.08 year-over-year
  • EBITDA decreased from $11.4 million to $10.0 million year-over-year
  • Contract backlog reduced from $736.2 million to $670.5 million quarter-over-quarter
  • New business revenue delayed due to government evaluation process

DLH Holdings' Q3 FY2024 results present a mixed picture. Revenue declined slightly to $100.7 million from $102.2 million in Q3 FY2023, primarily due to small business set-aside contract conversions offsetting growth in the Department of Health and Human Services portfolio. This highlights the challenges faced by mid-sized government contractors in retaining contracts.

Profitability metrics showed some pressure:

  • Net income decreased to $1.1 million ($0.08 per diluted share) from $1.7 million ($0.12 per diluted share) year-over-year
  • EBITDA declined to $10.0 million (10.0% of revenue) from $11.4 million (11.1% of revenue)
  • Operating margin compressed to 5.7% from 7.0%

On a positive note, DLH continues to make progress on debt reduction, lowering total debt to $166.5 million from $170.8 million in the previous quarter. This focus on deleveraging is commendable, especially given the current high-interest rate environment.

The decline in contract backlog to $670.5 million from $736.2 million is concerning and warrants close monitoring. However, management's comments about increased bid activity and a robust pipeline of qualified new business opportunities provide some reassurance for future growth potential.

Investors should keep an eye on the company's ability to win new contracts and maintain its market position in the competitive federal health IT and readiness agencies sector.

DLH's Q3 results reflect the nuanced landscape of government contracting. The company's experience with small business set-aside contract conversions is a common challenge in this sector. These set-asides, while beneficial for small businesses, can pose difficulties for mid-sized contractors like DLH in retaining certain contracts.

The increase in contract costs as a percentage of revenue, attributed to timing of non-labor costs in logistics business, is not uncommon in government contracting. However, it's important for DLH to manage these costs effectively to maintain profitability.

The company's focus on growth in public health and IT services aligns well with current government priorities. However, the delay in new business revenue due to the government evaluation process highlights the often-lengthy procurement cycles in federal contracting.

The reduction in backlog from $736.2 million to $670.5 million is notable. While concerning, it's not uncommon in this industry to see fluctuations due to contract completions and award timings. The key will be DLH's ability to replenish this backlog through successful bids on upcoming opportunities.

Management's emphasis on pursuing new business and leveraging broad capabilities is a sound strategy in the current environment. The federal procurement landscape remains complex, but DLH's focus on core markets like health IT and readiness agencies positions it well for potential growth.

Debt Reduction Continues as Company Sees Increased Bid Activity to Close Out Fiscal 2024

ATLANTA, July 31, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- DLH Holdings Corp. (NASDAQ: DLHC) (“DLH” or the “Company”), a leading provider of science research and development, systems engineering and integration, and digital transformation and cyber security solutions to federal health IT and readiness agencies, today announced financial results for its fiscal third quarter ended June 30, 2024.

Third Quarter Highlights

  • Third quarter revenue was $100.7 million in fiscal 2024 versus $102.2 million in fiscal 2023, reflecting growth in our Department of Health and Human Services portfolio offset by small business set-aside contract conversions.
  • Earnings were $1.1 million, or $0.08 per diluted share, for the third quarter of fiscal 2024 versus $1.7 million, or $0.12 per diluted share, for the third quarter of fiscal 2023.
  • Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") were $10.0 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2024 as compared to $11.4 million for the third quarter of fiscal 2023.
  • Total debt was $166.5 million as of June 30, 2024 versus $170.8 million as of March 31, 2024.
  • Contract backlog was $670.5 million as of June 30, 2024 versus $736.2 million as of March 31, 2024.

Management Discussion
"The third quarter results depict the dynamic nature of our Company, with growth in key markets being offset by some of our contracts transitioning to small businesses, impacting our top line," said Zach Parker, DLH President and Chief Executive Officer. "New business revenue for fiscal 2024 has been delayed due to the government evaluation process. However, strong cash flow has allowed us to reduce debt and lower interest expenses. Our broad capabilities have allowed us to increase the pursuit of new business. Despite the complexity and delays of federal procurement, our robust pipeline of qualified new business continues to offer substantial growth opportunities in our core markets for the future."

Results for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
Revenue for the third quarter of fiscal 2024 was $100.7 million versus $102.2 million in fiscal 2023, reflecting growth across the Company's key strategic programs — primarily in public health and IT services — offset by certain contracts converting to small business set-aside contracts.

Income from operations was $5.8 million versus $7.1 million in the fiscal 2023 third quarter and, as a percentage of revenue, the Company reported operating margin of 5.7% in fiscal 2024 versus 7.0% in the prior-year period. We experienced an increase in contract costs as a percent of revenue, primarily driven by the timing of non-labor costs that, by their nature, generate lower margins. The increase does not represent a change in our long term cost of performance expectations, but rather reflects the periodic needs of some of our logistics business. The increase in contracts cost was offset by a decrease in general and administrative expense of $0.9 million from $9.9 million in fiscal 2023 Q3 to $9.0 million in fiscal 2024 Q3.

Interest expense was $4.1 million in the fiscal quarter of 2024 versus $4.9 million in the prior-year period, reflecting lower debt outstanding due to the Company's use of cash flow generation to de-lever the balance sheet. Income before income taxes was $1.6 million for the third quarter this year versus $2.2 million in fiscal 2023, representing 1.6% and 2.1% of revenue, respectively, for each period.

For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, DLH recorded a $0.5 million and $0.5 million provision for income tax expense, respectively. The Company reported net income of approximately $1.1 million, or $0.08 per diluted share, for the third quarter of fiscal 2024 versus $1.7 million, or $0.12 per diluted share, for the third quarter of fiscal 2023. As a percentage of revenue for fiscal 2024 and 2023, net income was 1.1% and 1.7%, respectively.

On a non-GAAP basis, EBITDA for the three months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $10.0 million versus $11.4 million in the prior-year period, or 10.0% and 11.1% of revenue, respectively and was in range of our expectations.

Key Financial Indicators
During the third quarter of fiscal 2024, DLH generated $4.6 million in operating cash. As of June 30, 2024 the Company had cash of $0.4 million and debt outstanding under its credit facilities of $166.5 million versus cash of $0.2 million and debt outstanding of $179.4 million as of September 30, 2023. The debt reduction of $4.3 million during the third quarter was all voluntary prepayments applied to floating rate debt. We have satisfied all mandatory term amortization payments through March 31, 2025. The Company expects to reduce its total debt balance to between $160.0 million and $157.0 million by the end of fiscal 2024, attibutable to an increase in days sales outstanding ("DSO") of 50 to 53 days.

As of June 30, 2024 total backlog was approximately $670.5 million, including funded backlog of approximately $141.5 million and unfunded backlog of $529.0 million.

Conference Call and Webcast Details
DLH management will discuss third quarter results and provide a general business update, including current competitive conditions and strategies, during a conference call beginning at 10:00 AM Eastern Time tomorrow, August 1, 2024. Interested parties may listen to the conference call by dialing 888-347-5290 or 412-317-5256. Presentation materials will also be posted on the Investor Relations section of the DLH website prior to the commencement of the conference call.

A digital recording of the conference call will be available for replay two hours after the completion of the call and can be accessed on the DLH Investor Relations website or by dialing 877-344-7529 and entering the conference ID 2566648.

About DLH
DLH (NASDAQ: DLHC), a Russell 2000 company, enhances technology, public health, and cyber security readiness missions through science, technology, cyber, and engineering solutions and services. Our experts solve some of the most complex and critical missions faced by federal customers, leveraging digital transformation, artificial intelligence, advanced analytics, cloud-based applications, telehealth systems, and more. With over 3,000 employees dedicated to the idea that “Your Mission is Our Passion,” DLH brings a unique combination of government sector experience, proven methodology, and unwavering commitment to innovative solutions to improve the lives of millions. For more information, visit www.DLHcorp.com.

Safe Harbor Statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995:
This press release may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements relate to future events or DLH`s future financial performance. Any statements that refer to expectations, projections or other characterizations of future events or circumstances or that are not statements of historical fact (including without limitation statements to the effect that the Company or its management “believes”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “intends” and similar expressions) should be considered forward looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties which could cause actual events or DLH’s actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this release include, among others, statements regarding estimates of future revenues, operating income, earnings and cash flow. These statements reflect our belief and assumptions as to future events that may not prove to be accurate. Our actual results may differ materially from such forward-looking statements made in this release due to a variety of factors, including: the risk that we will not realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions (including anticipated future financial performance and results); the diversion of management’s attention from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations; the inability to retain employees and customers; contract awards in connection with re-competes for present business and/or competition for new business; our ability to manage our debt obligations; compliance with bank financial and other covenants; changes in client budgetary priorities; government contract procurement (such as bid and award protests, small business set asides, loss of work due to organizational conflicts of interest, etc.) and termination risks; the impact of inflation and higher interest rates; and other risks described in our SEC filings. For a discussion of such risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see “Risk Factors” in the Company’s periodic reports filed with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, as well as subsequent reports filed thereafter. The forward-looking statements contained herein are not historical facts, but rather are based on current expectations, estimates, assumptions and projections about our industry and business.

Such forward-looking statements are made as of the date hereof and may become outdated over time. The Company does not assume any responsibility for updating forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law.

CONTACTS:

INVESTOR RELATIONS
Contact: Chris Witty
Phone: 646-438-9385
Email: cwitty@darrowir.com

 
DLH HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands except per share amounts)
 
 Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
 June 30, June 30,
 2024
 2023
 2024
 2023
Revenue$100,694  $102,241  $299,551  $274,385 
Cost of operations:       
Contract costs 81,646   80,919   239,839   216,779 
General and administrative costs 9,013   9,935   28,420   27,670 
Corporate development costs          1,735 
Depreciation and amortization 4,272   4,280   12,769   11,281 
Total operating costs 94,931   95,134   281,028   257,465 
Income from operations 5,763   7,107   18,523   16,920 
Interest expense 4,143   4,917   12,991   11,512 
Income before provision for income taxes 1,620   2,190   5,532   5,408 
Provision for income tax expense 481   452   430   1,318 
Net income$1,139  $1,738  $5,102  $4,090 
        
Net income per share - basic$0.08  $0.13  $0.36  $0.30 
Net income per share - diluted$0.08  $0.12  $0.35  $0.28 
        
Weighted average common stock outstanding       
Basic 14,232   13,854   14,156   13,638 
Diluted 14,704   14,539   14,716   14,421 
                


DLH HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands except par value of shares)
    
 June 30,
2024
 September 30,
2023
 (unaudited)  
ASSETS   
Current assets:   
Cash$423  $215 
Accounts receivable 58,341   59,119 
Other current assets 2,742   3,067 
Total current assets 61,506   62,401 
Goodwill 138,161   138,161 
Intangible assets, net 112,435   124,777 
Operating lease right-of-use assets 7,498   9,656 
Deferred taxes, net 3,381   3,070 
Equipment and improvements, net 1,790   1,590 
Other long-term assets 186   186 
Total assets$324,957  $339,841 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY   
Current liabilities:   
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$23,189  $29,704 
Debt obligations - current, net of deferred financing costs 17,646   17,188 
Accrued payroll 14,232   13,794 
Operating lease liabilities - current 2,889   3,463 
Other current liabilities 482   638 
Total current liabilities 58,438   64,787 
Long-term liabilities:   
Debt obligations - long-term, net of deferred financing costs 143,258   155,147 
Operating lease liabilities - long-term 13,521   15,908 
Other long-term liabilities 1,135   1,560 
Total long-term liabilities 157,914   172,615 
Total liabilities 216,352   237,402 
Shareholders' equity:   
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 40,000 shares authorized; 14,183 and 13,950 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively 14   14 
Additional paid-in capital 101,038   99,974 
Retained earnings 7,553   2,451 
Total shareholders’ equity 108,605   102,439 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$324,957  $339,841 
        


DLH HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
 Nine Months Ended
 June 30,
 2024 2023
Operating activities   
Net income$5,102  $4,090 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:   
Depreciation and amortization 12,769   11,281 
Amortization of deferred financing costs charged to interest expense 1,437   1,540 
Stock-based compensation expense 2,290   2,020 
Deferred taxes, net (311)   
Changes in operating assets and liabilities   
Accounts receivable 778   (1,918)
Other assets 2,484   130 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (6,515)  (4,221)
Accrued payroll 437   274 
Other liabilities (3,540)  1,801 
Net cash provided by operating activities 14,931   14,997 
Investing activities   
Business acquisition, net of cash acquired    (180,711)
Purchase of equipment and improvements (627)  (580)
Net cash used in investing activities         (627)          (181,291)
Financing activities   
Proceeds from revolving line of credit 257,067   144,697 
Repayment of revolving line of credit (252,123)  (128,204)
Proceeds from debt obligations    168,000 
Repayments of debt obligations (17,813)  (10,688)
Payments of deferred financing costs    (7,666)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of options and warrants 261   1,107 
Payment of tax obligations resulting from net exercise of stock options (1,488)  (650)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (14,096)  166,596 
Net change in cash 208   302 
Cash - beginning of year 215   228 
Cash - end of year$423  $530 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information   
Cash paid during the year for interest$11,656  $10,006 
Cash paid during the year for income taxes$2,280  $4,055 
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activity   
Common stock surrendered for the exercise of stock options$2,432  $238 
        

Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The Company uses EBITDA and EBITDA as a percent of revenue as supplemental non-GAAP measures of performance. We define EBITDA as net income excluding (i) interest expense, (ii) Provision for income tax expense and (iii) depreciation and amortization. EBITDA as a percent of revenue is EBITDA for the measurement period divided by revenue for the same period.

These non-GAAP measures of performance are used by management to conduct and evaluate its business during its review of operating results for the periods presented. Management and the Company's Board utilize these non-GAAP measures to make decisions about the use of the Company's resources, analyze performance between periods, develop internal projections and measure management performance. We believe that these non-GAAP measures are useful to investors in evaluating the Company's ongoing operating and financial results and understanding how such results compare with the Company's historical performance. EBITDA is not a recognized measurement under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, and when analyzing our performance investors should (i) evaluate adjustments in our reconciliation to the nearest GAAP financial measures and (ii) use non-GAAP measures in addition to, and not as an alternative to, measures of our operating results as defined under GAAP.

Reconciliation of GAAP net income to EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure (in thousands):        

 Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
 June 30, June 30,
 2024 2023 Change 2024 2023 Change
Net income$1,139  $1,738  $(599) $5,102  $4,090  $1,012 
(i) Interest expense, net 4,143   4,917   (774)  12,991   11,512   1,479 
(ii) Provision for income tax expense 481   452   29   430   1,318   (888)
(iii) Depreciation and amortization 4,272   4,280   (8)  12,769   11,281   1,488 
EBITDA$10,035  $11,387  $(1,352) $31,292  $28,201  $3,091 
            
Net income as a % of revenue 1.1%  1.7% (0.6)%  1.7%  1.5%  0.2%
EBITDA as a % of revenue 10.0%  11.1% (1.1)%  10.4%  10.3%  0.1%
Revenue$100,694  $102,241  $(1,547) $299,551  $274,385  $25,166 
                        

FAQ

What was DLH Holdings Corp's (DLHC) revenue for Q3 2024?

DLH Holdings Corp's revenue for Q3 2024 was $100.7 million, compared to $102.2 million in Q3 2023.

How much did DLH Holdings Corp (DLHC) earn per share in Q3 2024?

DLH Holdings Corp earned $0.08 per diluted share in Q3 2024, compared to $0.12 per diluted share in Q3 2023.

What was DLH Holdings Corp's (DLHC) EBITDA for Q3 2024?

DLH Holdings Corp's EBITDA for Q3 2024 was $10.0 million, compared to $11.4 million in Q3 2023.

How much debt did DLH Holdings Corp (DLHC) have as of June 30, 2024?

DLH Holdings Corp had total debt of $166.5 million as of June 30, 2024, down from $170.8 million as of March 31, 2024.

What was DLH Holdings Corp's (DLHC) contract backlog as of June 30, 2024?

DLH Holdings Corp's contract backlog was $670.5 million as of June 30, 2024, compared to $736.2 million as of March 31, 2024.

DLH Holdings Corp.

NASDAQ:DLHC

DLHC Rankings

DLHC Latest News

DLHC Stock Data

140.98M
14.18M
12.49%
68.05%
1.23%
Specialty Business Services
Services-help Supply Services
Link
United States of America
ATLANTA