STOCK TITAN

Amarin Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Financial Results and Provides Business Update

Rhea-AI Impact
(Moderate)
Rhea-AI Sentiment
(Positive)
Tags
Rhea-AI Summary

Amarin Corporation (NASDAQ:AMRN) announced its fourth quarter and full year 2022 results, reporting a net income of $0.9 million in Q4 2022, down from $14.7 million in Q4 2021. Total revenues for Q4 2022 were $90.2 million, a 38% decline compared to the previous year, driven by decreased sales volume of VASCEPA due to generic competition. The company generated positive free cash flow of $4 million in Q4 2022 and expects to exceed its cost savings target of $100 million in 2023. Positive progress was made in Europe with pricing secured in five markets and further negotiations ongoing, projecting a potential $1 billion peak revenue opportunity in the region.

Positive
  • Achieved positive free cash flow of $4 million in Q4 2022.
  • Expecting to exceed $100 million in cost savings for 2023.
  • Secured pricing and reimbursement in five European markets.
  • Projected potential $1 billion peak revenue opportunity in Europe.
Negative
  • Total net revenue decreased 38% year-over-year in Q4 2022.
  • VASCEPA sales volume adversely impacted by generic availability in the U.S.
  • Overall gross margin on net product revenue decreased from 79% to 70%.

-- Company Delivers Positive Free Cash Flow in Fourth Quarter 2022 Following U.S. Revenue Stabilization --

-- Previously Announced Cost Savings Program On-Track to Exceed $100 Million Target --

-- European, International Strategies Advancing At-Pace with Significant Progress Throughout 2022, and Strong Position for 2023 --

-- Company to Host Conference Call Today at 8:00 a.m. EDT --

DUBLIN, Ireland and BRIDGEWATER, N.J., March 01, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Amarin Corporation plc (NASDAQ:AMRN), today announced financial results for the quarter and year ended December 31, 2022 and provided an update on the Company’s operations.

“2022 was a year of significant progress for the new Amarin, as we continue to advance our strategy to become a global, diversified cardiometabolic player. In 2022, our team delivered four consecutive quarters of U.S. revenue stabilization – which speaks to the strengths and efforts of this team to sustain and support the VASCEPA®/VAZKEPA® brand – and delivered positive free cash flow in the fourth quarter of $4 million. These efforts are fueling our strategy and focus on Europe and Internationally.

In Europe, despite governments facing major macroeconomic challenges, Amarin advanced from having price negotiations with one European market in January 2022 to having VAZKEPA® available in five markets, and in the pricing negotiation stage in another five markets by the end of the year. We have secured attractive pricing in all markets where we have launched, which will support our current negotiations in other European countries, offering excellent prospects for revenues in these markets. We expect the majority of our reimbursement decisions and launches in major markets to occur in 2023, and we remain confident in our ability to realize $1 billion or more in peak revenue across Europe alone.

In International, we secured six additional international regulatory approvals during 2022, including Australia, Hong Kong, Bahrain, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, and Switzerland, and a seventh, New Zealand, was secured in January 2023. We expect to enter 20 markets outside of Europe by the end of 2024 and believe the Rest of World represents a potential $1 billion peak revenue opportunity – and we are aggressively pursuing that potential. 

We are also advancing our fixed-dose combination (FDC) program for icosapent ethyl, which will improve the future value, penetration and long-term value of our VASCEPA/VAZKEPA franchise in Europe. We see significant opportunities for our FDC portfolio to impact the product lifecycle in the marketplace, while offering patients greater convenience and driving increased adherence.

As we continue our efforts in 2023, we will advance on our vision with a clear focus on geographic expansion in Europe and International, continue our operational excellence efforts and continue our portfolio diversification, including the continued development of our FDC program,” concluded Mr. Mikhail.

2022 Key Achievements & 2023 Priorities 

Europe 

  • In 2022, Amarin secured positive pricing and reimbursement decisions in five European markets: England & Wales, Sweden, Austria, Denmark and Finland.  
  • Reimbursement negotiations continue to progress in all remaining markets including Spain, Italy, France, Norway and the Netherlands.  
  • In 2023, we will focus on accelerating revenues in Europe in key launched markets including England & Wales, Northern Ireland, Finland and Sweden and further price negotiations in all markets.  

United States 

  • The Amarin team achieved four consecutive quarters of revenue stabilization in the U.S. business despite additional generic competition.  
  • In 2023, we will maintain our focus on profitability while evaluating and adapting to market conditions. 

International  

  • Secured six International regulatory approvals, including Australia, Hong Kong, Bahrain, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia and Switzerland. 
  • In 2023, we have achieved regulatory approval in New Zealand and will continue to progress international regulatory filings and support approval processes in up to 9 countries, including China, Israel, South Africa and Malaysia. 
  • On February 28, 2023, Amarin and CSL Seqirus announced that the two companies have entered into an exclusive license and distribution agreement under which Amarin will license exclusive rights to VAZKEPA to CSL Seqirus to secure pricing and reimbursement and commercialize the product across Australia and New Zealand.

Data Evidence & Pipeline Advancement 

  • Amarin made progress with our fixed-dose combination (FDC) program for icosapent ethyl, including initiating the process to seek scientific advice from the European Medicines Agency and we look forward to sharing additional updates in 2023. 

Financial Update

Total net revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was $90.2 million, compared to $144.5 million in the corresponding period of 2021, a decrease of 38%. Net product revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was $89.5 million, compared to $143.7 million in the corresponding period of 2021, a decrease of 38%. This decrease was driven primarily by a decrease in volume of VASCEPA sales to Amarin’s customers in the United States, which were adversely impacted by generic availability in the United States. USA net product revenue was $88.0 million for Q4 2022 compared to $87.9 million in Q3 2022.

Amarin recognized licensing and royalty revenue of approximately $0.7 million and $0.8 million during the three months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from VASCEPA-related commercial sales from our partners in Canada, the China region and the Middle East.

Cost of goods sold for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was $26.6 million, compared to $30.6 million in the corresponding period of 2021. Amarin’s overall gross margin on net product revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was 70%, compared with 79% for the corresponding period of 2021.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2022 was $68.1 million, compared to $92.4 million in the corresponding period of the prior year. This decrease was primarily due to the implementation of our cost reduction plan announced in June 2022 and was partially offset by investments to support commercial operations in Europe.

Research and development expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2022 were $5.2 million, compared to $5.8 million in the corresponding period of the prior year. This decrease was primarily driven by the implementation of our cost reduction plan announced in June 2022 and offset by costs incurred related to the development of a fixed-dose combination of VASCEPA with a statin.

Under U.S. GAAP, Amarin reported a net income of $0.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022, or basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.00. This net income includes $6.6 million in non-cash stock-based compensation and income tax benefit of $7.6 million. For the three months ended December 31, 2021, Amarin reported net income of $14.7 million, or basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.04. This net income included $9.8 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense.

Excluding non-cash stock-based compensation expense and restructuring expense, non-GAAP adjusted net income was $7.3 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022 or non-GAAP adjusted basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.02, compared with non-GAAP adjusted net income of $24.1 million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, or non-GAAP adjusted basic and diluted earnings per share of $0.06. As of December 31, 2022, Amarin reported aggregate cash and investments of $310.6 million.

2023 Financial Outlook

In June 2022, Amarin announced a comprehensive cost savings program which targeted $100 million in cost savings from our reported 2021 full year GAAP operating expenses of $450 million. Following implementation of the program, Amarin now plans to exceed those savings and expects operating expenses in the range of $290 to $305 million for 2023. With the stabilization of the U.S. business revenues and recent cash preservation initiatives, Amarin reiterates its belief that current cash and investments and other assets are adequate to support continued operations, including European launch activities.

Conference Call and Webcast Information:

Amarin will host a conference call on March 1, 2023, at 8:00 a.m. ET to discuss this information. The conference call can be accessed on the investor relations section of the company's website at www.amarincorp.com, or via telephone by dialing 888-506-0062 within the United States, 973-528-0011 from outside the United States, and referencing conference ID 367970. A replay of the call will be made available for a period of two weeks following the conference call. To listen to a replay of the call, dial 877-481-4010 from within the United States and 919-882-2331 from outside of the United States, and reference conference ID 46629. A replay of the call will also be available through the company's website shortly after the call.

Use of Non-GAAP Adjusted Financial Information

Included in this press release are non-GAAP adjusted financial information as defined by U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation G. The GAAP financial measure most directly comparable to each non-GAAP adjusted financial measure used or discussed, and a reconciliation of the differences between each non-GAAP adjusted financial measure and the comparable GAAP financial measure, is included in this press release after the consolidated financial statements.

Non-GAAP adjusted net (loss) income was derived by taking GAAP net loss and adjusting it for non-cash stock-based compensation expense and restructuring expense. Management uses these non-GAAP adjusted financial measures for internal reporting and forecasting purposes, when publicly providing its business outlook, to evaluate the company’s performance and to evaluate and compensate the company’s executives. The company has provided these non-GAAP financial measures in addition to GAAP financial results because it believes that these non-GAAP adjusted financial measures provide investors with a better understanding of the company’s historical results from its core business operations.

While management believes that these non-GAAP adjusted financial measures provide useful supplemental information to investors regarding the underlying performance of the company’s business operations, investors are reminded to consider these non-GAAP measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, financial performance measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP measures have limitations in that they do not reflect all of the amounts associated with the company’s results of operations as determined in accordance with GAAP. In addition, it should be noted that these non-GAAP financial measures may be different from non-GAAP measures used by other companies, and management may utilize other measures to illustrate performance in the future.

About Amarin

Amarin is an innovative pharmaceutical company leading a new paradigm in cardiovascular disease management. From our scientific research foundation to our focus on clinical trials, and now our global commercial expansion, we are evolving and growing rapidly. Amarin has offices in Bridgewater, New Jersey in the United States, Dublin in Ireland, Zug in Switzerland, and other countries in Europe as well as commercial partners and suppliers around the world. We are committed to rethinking cardiovascular risk through the advancement of scientific understanding of the impact on society of significant residual risk that exists beyond traditional therapies, such as statins for cholesterol management.

About VASCEPA® (icosapent ethyl) Capsules

VASCEPA (icosapent ethyl) capsules are the first-and-only prescription treatment approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) comprised solely of the active ingredient, icosapent ethyl (IPE), a unique form of eicosapentaenoic acid. VASCEPA was launched in the United States in January 2020 as the first and only drug approved by the U.S. FDA for treatment of the studied high-risk patients with persistent cardiovascular risk after statin therapy. VASCEPA was initially launched in the United States in 2013 based on the drug’s initial FDA approved indication for use as an adjunct therapy to diet to reduce triglyceride levels in adult patients with severe (≥500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia. Since launch, VASCEPA has been prescribed over ten million times. VASCEPA is covered by most major medical insurance plans. In addition to the United States, VASCEPA is approved and sold in Canada, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates. In Europe, in March 2021 marketing authorization was granted to icosapent ethyl in the European Union for the reduction of risk of cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk, under the brand name VAZKEPA.

Indications and Limitation of Use (in the United States)

VASCEPA is indicated:

  • As an adjunct to maximally tolerated statin therapy to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization and unstable angina requiring hospitalization in adult patients with elevated triglyceride (TG) levels (≥ 150 mg/dL) and
    • established cardiovascular disease or
    • diabetes mellitus and two or more additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
  • As an adjunct to diet to reduce TG levels in adult patients with severe (≥ 500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia. The effect of VASCEPA on the risk for pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia has not been determined.

Important Safety Information

  • VASCEPA is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity (e.g., anaphylactic reaction) to VASCEPA or any of its components.
  • VASCEPA was associated with an increased risk (3% vs 2%) of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter requiring hospitalization in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The incidence of atrial fibrillation was greater in patients with a previous history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
  • It is not known whether patients with allergies to fish and/or shellfish are at an increased risk of an allergic reaction to VASCEPA. Patients with such allergies should discontinue VASCEPA if any reactions occur.
  • VASCEPA was associated with an increased risk (12% vs 10%) of bleeding in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The incidence of bleeding was greater in patients receiving concomitant antithrombotic medications, such as aspirin, clopidogrel or warfarin.
  • Common adverse reactions in the cardiovascular outcomes trial (incidence ≥3% and ≥1% more frequent than placebo): musculoskeletal pain (4% vs 3%), peripheral edema (7% vs 5%), constipation (5% vs 4%), gout (4% vs 3%), and atrial fibrillation (5% vs 4%).
  • Common adverse reactions in the hypertriglyceridemia trials (incidence >1% more frequent than placebo): arthralgia (2% vs 1%) and oropharyngeal pain (1% vs 0.3%).
  • Adverse events may be reported by calling 1-855-VASCEPA or the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
  • Patients receiving VASCEPA and concomitant anticoagulants and/or anti-platelet agents should be monitored for bleeding.

FULL U.S. FDA-APPROVED VASCEPA PRESCRIBING INFORMATION CAN BE FOUND AT WWW.VASCEPA.COM.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of U.S. securities laws, including, but not limited to, including beliefs about the world-wide market potential for VASCEPA; expectations regarding financial metrics and performance such as prescription growth, revenue growth, operating expenses, inventory purchases, and managed care coverage for VASCEPA, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the disappointing outcome of patent litigation and the launch of generic competition on these metrics; beliefs that Amarin is well positioned to deliver on its goals to grow VASCEPA in the U.S. and beyond; beliefs about patient needs for VASCEPA; effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Amarin's operations and on the healthcare industry more broadly, which effects continue to be fluid; beliefs that Amarin's strategy for reducing the effects of cardiovascular disease is sound and that Amarin is efficiently reaching physicians, payors, pharmacists and patients; the timing and outcome of regulatory filings and reviews, recommendations and approvals and related reimbursement decisions and commercial launches in Europe, the China region and elsewhere; plans for Amarin's expected launch of VASCEPA directly in major markets in Europe, directly and indirectly; beliefs about the cardioprotective and other benefits of VASCEPA; beliefs about the strength of data in market access dossiers and other reports; expectations for the timing, effectiveness and outcome of promotional activities, including patient-oriented campaigns, conference and posted presentations and education of healthcare professionals; commercial and international expansion, prescription growth and revenue growth and future revenue levels, including the contributions of sales representatives and the new leadership team; beliefs that Amarin's current resources are sufficient to fund projected operations; and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all of the foregoing. These forward-looking statements are not promises or guarantees and involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Amarin's ability to effectively commercialize VASCEPA and maintain or grow market share will depend in part on Amarin’s ability to continue to effectively finance its business, VASCEPA approval in geographies outside the U.S., efforts of third parties, Amarin’s ability to create and increase market demand for VASCEPA through education, marketing and sales activities, to achieve broad market acceptance of VASCEPA, to receive adequate levels of reimbursement from third-party payers, to develop and maintain a consistent source of commercial supply at a competitive price, to comply with legal and regulatory requirements in connection with the sale and promotion of VASCEPA and to secure, maintain and defend its patent protection for VASCEPA. Among the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described or projected herein include the following: the possibility that VASCEPA may not receive regulatory approval in the China region or other geographies on the expected timelines or at all; the risk that additional generic versions of VASCEPA will enter the market and that generic versions of VASCEPA will achieve greater market share and more commercial supply than anticipated, particularly in light of the disappointing outcome of Amarin's litigation against two generic drug companies and subsequent requests for appeal; the risk that the scope and duration of the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to impact access to and sales of VASCEPA; the risk that Amarin has overestimated the market potential for VASCEPA in the U.S., Europe and other geographies; risks associated with Amarin's expanded enterprise; uncertainties associated generally with research and development, clinical trials and related regulatory approvals; the risk that sales may not meet expectations and related cost may increase beyond expectations; and the risk that patents may be determined to not be infringed or not be valid in patent litigation and applications may not result in issued patents sufficient to protect the VASCEPA franchise. A further list and description of these risks, uncertainties and other risks associated with an investment in Amarin can be found in Amarin's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including Amarin’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Existing and prospective investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Amarin undertakes no obligation to update or revise the information contained in its forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or circumstances or otherwise. Amarin’s forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of significant transactions the company may enter into, such as mergers, acquisitions, dispositions, joint ventures or any material agreements that Amarin may enter into, amend or terminate.

Availability of Other Information About Amarin

Investors and others should note that Amarin communicates with its investors and the public using the company website (www.amarincorp.com), the investor relations website (investor.amarincorp.com), including but not limited to investor presentations and investor FAQs, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. The information that Amarin posts on these channels and websites could be deemed to be material information. As a result, Amarin encourages investors, the media, and others interested in Amarin to review the information that is posted on these channels, including the investor relations website, on a regular basis. This list of channels may be updated from time to time on Amarin’s investor relations website and may include social media channels. The contents of Amarin’s website or these channels, or any other website that may be accessed from its website or these channels, shall not be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933.

Amarin Contact Information
Investor Inquiries:
Lisa DeFrancesco
Investor Relations Amarin Corporation plc
investor.relations@amarincorp.com (investor inquiries)

Media Inquiries:
Mark Marmur
Corporate Communications, Amarin Corporation plc
PR@amarincorp.com (media inquiries)

-Tables to Follow-

 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET DATA 
 (U.S. GAAP) 
 Unaudited * 
       
    December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021 
   (in thousands) 
 ASSETS      
 Current Assets:      
 Cash and cash equivalents  $217,666  $219,454  
 Restricted cash   523   3,918  
 Short-term investments  91,695   234,674  
 Accounts receivable, net   130,990   163,653  
 Inventory  228,732   234,676  
 Prepaid and other current assets   19,492   22,352  
 Total current assets   689,098   878,727  
 Property, plant and equipment, net   874   1,425  
 Long-term investments  1,275   34,996  
 Long-term inventory  163,620   121,254  
 Operating lease right-of-use asset   9,074   7,660  
 Other long-term assets   458   456  
 Intangible asset, net   21,780   23,547  
 TOTAL ASSETS  $886,179  $1,068,065  
 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY      
 Current Liabilities:      
 Accounts payable  $64,602  $114,922  
 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities  192,678   253,111  
 Current deferred revenue  2,199   2,649  
 Total current liabilities   259,479   370,682  
 Long-Term Liabilities:      
 Long-term deferred revenue   13,147   14,060  
 Long-term operating lease liability  10,015   8,576  
 Other long-term liabilities   8,205   7,648  
 Total liabilities   290,846   400,966  
 Stockholders’ Equity:     
 Common stock   299,002   294,027  
 Additional paid-in capital   1,885,352   1,855,246  
 Treasury stock   (61,770)  (60,726) 
 Accumulated deficit   (1,527,251)  (1,421,448) 
 Total stockholders’ equity   595,333   667,099  
 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY  $886,179  $1,068,065  
       
 * Unaudited as a standalone schedule; copied from consolidated financial statements 
       


 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA 
 (U.S. GAAP) 
 Unaudited * 
           
   Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 
   (in thousands, except per share amounts) (in thousands, except per share amounts) 
    2022  2021  2022  2021 
           
 Product revenue, net$89,507  $143,722  $366,511  $580,320  
 Licensing and royalty revenue 738   769   2,682   2,867  
 Total revenue, net 90,245   144,491   369,193   583,187  
 Less: Cost of goods sold 26,641   30,635   108,631   121,327  
 Less: Cost of goods sold - restructuring inventory       18,078     
 Gross margin 63,604   113,856   242,484   461,860  
 Operating expenses:        
 Selling, general and administrative (1) 68,131   92,368   304,416   408,334  
 Research and development (1) 5,239   5,753   30,411   29,307  
 Restructuring (180)  (398)  13,526   13,717  
 Total operating expenses 73,190   97,723   348,353   451,358  
 Operating (loss) income (9,586)  16,133   (105,869)  10,502  
 Interest income 1,564   195   2,819   1,220  
 Interest expense (1)  (23)  (15)  (129) 
 Other income (expense), net 1,250   88   (740)  (302) 
 (Loss) income from operations before taxes (6,773)  16,393   (103,805)  11,291  
 Benefit from (provision for) income taxes 7,629   (1,695)  (1,998)  (3,562) 
 Net income (loss)$856  $14,698  $(105,803) $7,729  
 Earnings (loss) per share        
 Basic$0.00  $0.04  $(0.26) $0.02  
 Diluted$0.00  $0.04  $(0.26) $0.02  
 Weighted average shares outstanding:        
 Basic 399,491   397,049   401,155   395,992  
 Diluted 401,696   401,768   401,155   402,480  
           
 * Unaudited as a standalone schedule; copied from consolidated financial statements 
 (1)     Excluding non-cash stock-based compensation, selling, general and administrative expenses were 282,076 and 376,029 for 2022 and 2021, respectively, and research and development expenses were 16,486 and 19,932, respectively, for the same periods. 
           


 RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP NET INCOME 
 Unaudited 
               
   Three months ended December 31, Year Ended December 31, 
   (in thousands, except per share amounts) (in thousands, except per share amounts) 
   2022  2021  2022  2021 
               
 Net income (loss) for EPS - GAAP $856   $14,698   $(105,803)  $7,729 
  Stock-based compensation expense  6,612    9,796    26,805    36,632 
  Restructuring Inventory          18,078     
  Restructuring expense (180)   (398)   13,526    13,717 
 Adjusted net income for EPS - non-GAAP $7,288   $24,096   $(47,394)  $58,078 
               
 Basic and diluted            
               
 Earnings (loss) per share:            
 Basic - non-GAAP $0.02   $0.06   $(0.12)  $0.15 
 Diluted - non-GAAP $0.02   $0.06   $(0.12)  $0.14 
               
 Weighted average shares:            
 Basic  399,491    397,049    401,155    395,992 
 Diluted  401,696    403,752    401,155    403,980 
               

FAQ

What were Amarin's financial results for Q4 2022?

Amarin reported total revenues of $90.2 million and a net income of $0.9 million for Q4 2022.

How much free cash flow did Amarin generate in Q4 2022?

Amarin generated positive free cash flow of $4 million in Q4 2022.

What is Amarin's 2023 financial outlook?

Amarin expects to exceed $100 million in cost savings for 2023 and projects a potential $1 billion peak revenue opportunity in Europe.

Why did Amarin's revenue decrease in Q4 2022?

The revenue decrease was primarily driven by reduced sales volume of VASCEPA due to generic competition.

What is the gross margin for Amarin's net product revenue in Q4 2022?

The gross margin decreased to 70% in Q4 2022 from 79% in Q4 2021.

Amarin Corp Plc

NASDAQ:AMRN

AMRN Rankings

AMRN Latest News

AMRN Stock Data

229.24M
404.75M
1.6%
17.05%
4.36%
Drug Manufacturers - General
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Link
United States of America
DUBLIN 2